Appendix:Proto-West Mande reconstructions
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The following list of Proto-West Mande reconstructions is from Kastenholz (1996: 259-262).
Note: German glosses are directly from the original source. English glosses, not in the source, are translations in progress.
List[edit]
| No. | German gloss | English gloss | Proto-West Mande |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Gedanke | thought | *kíli |
| 2. | Biene / Honig | bee / honey | **kúmiN |
| 3. | Boot | boat | **kúreN |
| 4. | tun | do | *kɛ́ |
| 5. | füttern | feed | *kóN |
| 6. | unterweisen | instruct | *kóloN |
| 7. | Stamm, Rumpf | trunk | *kɔ́gɔ |
| 8. | Affe | monkey | *kùla |
| 9. | Leopard | leopard | *kóli |
| 10. | schwören | swear | **kàli |
| 11. | Hacke | hoe | **kári |
| 12. | klopfen | beat | *kɔ́NkɔN |
| 13. | gesund | healthy | *kɛ́Ndɛ |
| 14. | Weg | path | *kíra |
| 15. | geben | give | **kóe |
| 16. | Haut | skin | *kòloN |
| 17. | zerbrechen | break | *gáti ~ ɣáti |
| 18. | Mond | moon | *gáròᴺ ~ ɣáròᴺ |
| 19. | binden | tie | *gìri ~ ɣìri |
| 20. | Ei | egg | *gɛ́lùᴺ ~ ɣɛ́lùᴺ |
| 21. | nehmen | take | *gèli ~ ɣèli |
| 22. | beleidigen | offend | **gɛ̀li ~ ɣɛ̀li |
| 23. | braten | roast | *gílaN ~ ɣílaN |
| 24. | Hund | dog | *gùle ~ wùle |
| 25. | Dorn, Stachel | thorn, barb | *gáliN ~ ɣáliN |
| 26. | Baum | tree | *gúri ~ wúri |
| 27. | Stimme | voice | *gú ~ wú |
| 28. | waschen | wash | *gùa ~ wùa |
| 29. | Schimpanse | chimpanzee | *gòtoN ~ wòtoN |
| 30. | Wildnis | wilderness | *gúla ~ wúla |
| 31. | Kopf | head | *gǔN ~ wǔN |
| 32. | Vogel | bird | *gɔ̀ni ~ wɔ̀ni |
| 33. | Nabel | navel | *góliN ~ wóliN |
| 34. | Glut, Kohle | ember, coal | *gèNbu ~ ɣèNbu |
| 35. | Urin | urine | *gòli ~ wòli |
| 36. | wecken | wake up | **gúN ~ wúN |
| 37. | bitter | bitter | *gónàᴺ ~ wónàᴺ |
| 38. | brodeln | boil (intr.) | *gúli ~ wúli |
| 39. | Stimme erheben | speak up | *góle ~ wóle |
| 40. | Seil | rope | *gáru ~ ɣáru |
| 41. | Knie | knee | *gúNbi ~ wúNbi |
| 42. | wieviel? | how much? | **gèlu ~ ɣèlu |
| 43. | Himmel | sky | *gèle ~ ɣèle |
| 44. | trocknen | dry | *kpála |
| 45. | andere(r) | another | *kpáti |
| 46. | heiß machen | heat (verb) | *kpàNdi |
| 47. | hart | hard | *kpɛ̀lɛN |
| 48. | verjagen | chase away | *kpɛ́̀ᴺ |
| 49. | Zahnholz | chewstick | *kpɛ́sɛ |
| 50. | unreif | unripe | *kpètiN |
| 51. | setzen | put | *sʸèki |
| 52. | töten | kill | *pàka |
| 53. | greifen | grab | *sʸòku |
| 54. | Fleisch / Tier | meat / animal | *sʸùkɛ |
| 55. | stechen | sting | *sɔ̀kɔ |
| 56. | Fisch | fish | *jékɛN ~ yékɛN |
| 57. | senken | reduce | *jòkiN ~ yòkiN |
| 58. | Eingeweide | guts, intestines | *nùku |
| 59. | Ellbogen | elbow | *nɔ̀NkɔN |
| 60. | Lärm | noise | *sɔ́Nkɔ |
| 61. | Pulver | powder | **fúNkɛ |
| 62. | Teig | dough | *dɛ̀gɛ ~ ɗɛ̀gɛ |
| 63. | Topf | pot | **dàge ~ ɗàge |
| 64. | weggehen | walk away | *sʸìga |
| 65. | zerschneiden | cut up | *sʸàga |
| 66. | Kohle | coal | **tʸígɛ |
| 67. | hacken, hauen | hack, hit | *bòga ~ ɓòga |
| 68. | Lied | song | *súgu (sʸúgu ?) |
| 69. | Blüte | blossom | *púga |
| 70. | wegnehmen | take away | *dága ~ ɗága |
| 71. | Huhn | chicken | *tɔ̀kɛ |
| 72. | Ohr | ear | *túli |
| 73. | Name | name | *tɔ́ko |
| 74. | Tropfen | drop | *tóNbi |
| 75. | Wahrheit | truth | **tòNya |
| 76. | stützen | support | *tikpiN |
| 77. | Ruine | ruin | *tóNboN |
| 78. | gerade sein | just be | *tíleN |
| 79. | herrichten | get ready | **típèᴺ? |
| 80. | Leiche | corpse | *tʸǔ |
| 81. | Regen | rain | *tʸùna |
| 82. | morgen | morning | *tʸínaN |
| 83. | Bohnen | bean | *tʸɔ̀gu |
| 84. | anhalten | stop | *tʸɔ̀(.i) |
| 85. | Nest | nest | *tʸà |
| 86. | zustimmen | agree | **tʸɔ̀N |
| 87. | wissen | knowledge | **tʸɔ́N |
| 88. | Siedlung | settlement | **tʸá |
| 89. | Ölfrucht | oilseed | *tʸúgi |
| 90. | nähen | sew | *sʸɔ́lɔ̀ᴺ |
| 91. | sterben | die | *sʸà |
| 92. | Nase | nose | *sʸúN |
| 93. | Fremder | stranger | *sʸóNtaN |
| 94. | Lust | desire | **sʸɔ̀go |
| 95. | rasieren | shave | **sʸí |
| 96. | Elefant | elephant | *sʸíli |
| 97. | Medizin | medicine | *sʸɛ́ri |
| 98. | zahlen | number | *sàra |
| 99. | bekommen | get | *sɔ̀tɔN |
| 100. | leihen | lend | **síNga |
| 101. | Fleisch / Wild | meat / game | *sìbo |
| 102. | Preis | price | **sòNgɔ |
| 103. | drei | three | **sàkpa |
| 104. | Mund | mouth | *dá ~ ɗá |
| 105. | Grenze | border | *dàN ~ ɗàN |
| 106. | Kind | child | *dèN(u) ~ ɗéN(u) |
| 107. | löschen | extinguish | **dípeN ~ ɗípeN |
| 108. | Angelhaken | fishing hook | *dólìᴺ ~ ɗólìᴺ |
| 109. | verstecken | hide | *dòguN ~ ɗòguN |
| 110. | Hand | main | *jíi ~ yíi |
| 111. | Wasser | water | *jío ~ yío |
| 112. | böse | angry | *jáku ~ yáku |
| 113. | Kraut | herb | *jàNba ~ yàNba |
| 114. | Löwe | lion | *jàta ~ yàta |
| 115. | schwellen | swell | *jìti ~ yìti |
| 116. | trennen | separate | **pátaN |
| 117. | Schwager | brother-in-law | *bítaN ~ ɓítaN |
| 118. | heiraten | marry | *fútu |
| 119. | kämmen | comb | *sáNti |
| 120. | Sorghum | sorghum | *kèNte |
| 121. | Ceiba pentandra | Ceiba pentandra | *bàNtaN ~ ɓàNtaN |
| 122. | kurz | short | *kùNtu |
| 123. | grüßen | greet | *gɔ̀Ntɔn ~ wɔ̀NtɔN; *gàNtaN ~ ɣàNtaN |
| 124. | Trommel | drum | *dùNduN |
| 125. | kneten | knead | *mɔ̀Ndɔ |
| 126. | Verpflegung | provisions | *faNda |
| 127. | wegwerfen | throw away | *pìli |
| 128. | teilen | divide | *tóla |
| 129. | Rinne | gutter | *fóloN |
| 130. | festmachen | fasten | *bálaN |
| 131. | stecken | stick | *sɔ̀rɔN |
| 132. | Darm | intestine | *pùru |
| 133. | List | list | *fɛ̀ɛrɛ |
| 134. | genügen | suffice | **wàsa |
| 135. | arrogant | arrogant | **wásu |
| 136. | schmal | narrow | *mìsɛN |
| 137. | genesen | recover | *bálo ~ ɓálo |
| 138. | schießen | shoot | *bóN ~ ɓóN |
| 139. | spalten | columns | *bali ~ ɓali |
| 140. | Horn | horn | *bína ~ ɓína |
| 141. | hinausgehen | go out | *bɔ́ ~ ɓɔ́ |
| 142. | fallen | fall | *bìra ~ ɓìra |
| 143. | hervorbringen | bring forth | *báNge ~ ɓáNge |
| 144. | Platz | space | *bára ~ ɓára |
| 145. | Vorraum | front room | *bùloN ~ ɓùloN |
| 146. | Rücken | back | *pálu |
| 147. | kommen | come | *pá |
| 148. | klappen | fold | *pèlèᴺ |
| 149. | zehn | ten | *pùú |
| 150. | Markierung | marking | *pɔN |
| 151. | Ding, Sache | thing | *pɔ́N |
| 152. | laufen | run | *pìrɛ |
| 153. | Laub | leaves | *píta |
| 154. | Krokodil | crocodile | *fàli |
| 155. | lösen | release | *fùleN |
| 156. | tauschen | exchange | *fàlèᴺ |
| 158. | geben | give | *fí |
| 159. | warm | warm | *fúra |
| 160. | Windgeräusch | sound of wind | *fóle |
| 161. | Geschenk | gift | *sàNba |
| 162. | Rattan | rattan | *táNbi |
| 163. | kräftig | strongly | *sɛ́Nbɛ |
| 164. | mixen | mix | *sùNpu |
| 165. | grübeln | brood | *kúNpa |
| 166. | tragen (auf dem Rücken) | carry (on the back) | **bàNpu ~ ɓàNpu ? |
| 167. | neu | new | **nìna |
| 168. | Schatten | shadow | *níini |
| 169. | schmutzig | dirty | **nɔ́kɔ |
| 170. | sieden | boil | *nɛ̌N |
| 171. | vier | four | *náani |
| 172. | Zunge | tongue | **nɛ̌N |
| 173. | kosten | to taste | *nɛ́ |
| 174. | Ratte | rat | *ɲína; *gína ~ ɣína |
| 175. | Verlust | loss | *bɔ̀nɔ |
| 176. | trinken | drink | *mìN |
| 177. | hören | hear | **mɔ̀Ni |
| 178. | Gummi | rubber | *málaN |
| 179. | reifen | to ripen | *mɔ̀N |
| 180. | Nilpferd | hippopotamus | *màli |
| 181. | Blut | blood | *ŋama |
| 182. | hässlich | ugly | **ɲáme |
| 183. | Regenzeit | rainy season | **sʸàma (< **dʸàma ?) |
| 184. | kauen | chew | **ɲími |
| 185. | Jahr | year | *ɲɛ́ |
| 186. | Zahn | tooth | *ɲíN |
| 187. | solche(r) | such | *ɲɔ̀kɔN |
References[edit]
- Kastenholz, Raimund (1996). Sprachgeschichte im West-Mande: Methoden und Rekonstruktionen. Mande Languages and Linguistics · Langues et Linguistique Mandé, 2. Köln : Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. 281 p.