Appendix:Proto-Central Sudanic reconstructions
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The following list of Proto-Central Sudanic reconstructions is from Bender (1992: 53-56).[1]
Background[edit]
- Proto-Peripheral Central Sudanic is ancestral to these branches: Moru-Madi, Mangbutu, Mangbetu, Kresh, Lendu
- Proto-Core Central Sudanic is ancestral to these branches: Bagirmi-Sara, Bongoid, Yulu-Binga, Fongoro, Shemya (Sinyar)
List[edit]
| English gloss | Proto-Central Sudanic | Proto-Peripheral Central Sudanic |
Proto-Core Central Sudanic |
|---|---|---|---|
| all, big | *kere | ||
| back | *gu ~ *go | ||
| bat | *ɓi | ||
| back, bottom | *-du | ||
| beer | *-wa | ||
| belly | *kV-mE | ||
| big | *ɓo | ||
| big, long | *kpa | ||
| bird | *(k)ari ~ *(k)ali | ||
| bite | *-ka | *joɲo ~ *juɲu | |
| black | *-ini | ||
| black, green | *Eri | *lu | |
| blood | *(k)ari | ||
| blow, wind | *vu | ||
| body, name | *ru ~ *ro | ||
| bone | *kpa | ||
| break | *ki | ||
| break, split | *ko | ||
| breast | *mba; *-(ŋ)gu | ||
| buffalo | *(ko)bi | ||
| burn, eat | *sa | ||
| carry, take | *ne | ||
| cat, lion | *mbur | ||
| catch, carry | *ku | ||
| claw | *koNa | ||
| cloud | *ɓu | *fo | |
| cold | *ɖu | ||
| cook | *ɗi | ||
| cough | *ekpi | ||
| cry | *-wa | ||
| curse, lie | *puo | ||
| cut | *-ga; *lo ~ *ro | ||
| cut, hit | *si(l); *tsu ~ *tso | ||
| cut, knife | *mba | ||
| dance, throw | *ɓe | ||
| day | *do | ||
| dig, bury | *ɗi | ||
| dog | *tsi | ||
| drink | *mbu | *ai? | |
| drunk | *ona | ||
| dust, earth | *pu ~ *bu | ||
| ear | *(le-)mbi ~ *mbi(-li) | ||
| earth, mud | *vuru | ||
| eat | *ɲo | ||
| egg | *ɓu | ||
| elbow | *kosu | ||
| excrement | *di, *zi ~ *si | *ci | |
| eye | *(kV)mV | ||
| fall | *-ci | ||
| fast, slow | *le ~ *o | ||
| father | *baba | *papa | |
| fear, hate | *oro ~ *uru | ||
| finish | *ayi ~ *iya | ||
| fire | *podu? | ||
| fire, smoke | *co | ||
| fish | *ɓi | *kVnj | |
| fly (n.) | *kVm; *oŋ(g)u; *ŋgb(u)a | ||
| forget | *vi | ||
| foreigner | *ŋga | ||
| four | *so | ||
| give | *ti | ||
| give, meet | *zV? | ||
| give, steal | *aʔu | ||
| go | *ayi ~ *iya | ||
| goat, sheep | *nd--l ~ *nd--r | *meme | |
| good, well | *embe | ||
| gourd | *kere | *kur ~ *kul | |
| gourd, pot | *kaɗa | ||
| grass | *ese | *tsor ~ *tsol | |
| green | *(ti)bi | ||
| groundnut | *sEri ~ *sEre | ||
| hard | *kpa ~ *gba | ||
| hard, heavy | *re ~ *ri | ||
| hair, fiber | *bi | ||
| head | *ɖu | ||
| hear | *ga | ||
| heart | *s | ||
| heavy | *mba | ||
| hit, etc. | *ti | *-oma | |
| hit, stab | *du | ||
| horn | *kAj- | ||
| hot | *ŋga | ||
| house, hut | *jo | ||
| kill | *fu | ||
| knee | *kum- | ||
| know | *nde | ||
| left (hand) | *leg | ||
| lick | *mbV | ||
| light | *pVl ~ *pVr | ||
| long, far | *osV | ||
| love | *l ~ *r | ||
| lung | *fV | ||
| male | *ŋgawa(b) | ||
| many, fat | *d(e)r | ||
| meat, animal | *za ~ *ja | ||
| milk | *si | ||
| monkey | *ŋger | ||
| moon | *pa ~ *po | ||
| mother | *iya | ||
| motion | |||
| mouth | *tara ~ *tala | ||
| neck | *kVmbV | ||
| new, old | *kic | ||
| nose | *-(V)mo ~ *-(V)mu | ||
| old | *ko ~ *ku; *ŋgo | ||
| one | *kala | ||
| open | *ɓe ~ *ɓe | ||
| paddle | *kepi | ||
| palm tree | *gara | ||
| person, man | *ɗiɓ ~ *diɓ | ||
| pierce | *ɓi | ||
| poison | *ari ~ *ali | ||
| quantity | *tiri ~ *tili | ||
| red | *ka | ||
| root, fiber | *(k)ar ~ *(k)al; *su | ||
| sand, earth | *keŋe | ||
| scratch | *wo | ||
| sharp | *si ~ *se | ||
| short | *-tu | *-tu | |
| shut | *ɓu; *ji | ||
| shut, tie | *to ~ *tu; *ɓa | ||
| sit, finish | *tei | ||
| sit, sleep | *ri | ||
| skin | *-ana | ||
| sky | *ar ~ *ra | ||
| sleep, sit | *dV | ||
| small, thin | *re(e) | ||
| smell | *ŋgo ~ *ŋgu | ||
| smoke | *-ka | ||
| snake, tail | *kur ~ *kol | ||
| song, etc. | *ŋgo | ||
| spear, stick | *oTu ~ *uTu | ||
| split | *tsa | ||
| stand | *aɲi | ||
| star | *ɓi(ɓi) | ||
| stick, spear | *mbel | ||
| strong, hard | *dog ~ *tog | ||
| sun | *kad(j)a | ||
| sweet | *le(l) | ||
| tail, fiber | *vi | ||
| ten | *ɓutV | ||
| tie (verb) | *-or- | ||
| tongue | *ɖa | ||
| tooth | *SI ~ *sO | ||
| tree, wood | *kaga | ||
| two | *ri(yo) | ||
| two, eight | *aro(m) | ||
| urine | *ɖu | ||
| village | *ɓa | ||
| vocal | |||
| wait | *di | *mbV | |
| warm | *Vma ~ *uma | ||
| water | *gui? | ||
| white, clean | *Oŋgo | ||
| wind | *lEl | ||
| woman | *ko(ŋ) ~ *ku(ŋ) | ||
| work, cultivate | *ɗo |
References[edit]
- ^ Bender, Lionel M. 1992. "Central Sudanic segmental and lexical reconstruction." Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 29: 5-61.