Appendix:Proto-Agaw reconstructions
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The following list of Proto-Agaw reconstructions is from Appleyard (2006: 153-158).
List[edit]
| Gloss | Part of speech | Proto-Agaw | Proto-Northern Agaw |
|---|---|---|---|
| stranger, guest | n | *ʔäbən- | |
| father | n | *ʔäbb-a | |
| master, lord | n | *ʔädär-[a] | |
| uncle | n | *ʔäg- | |
| tomorrow | adv | *ʔämär- | |
| believe | vt | *ʔämn- | |
| I | pron | *ʔän/ʔan | |
| grandfather | n | *ʔän- | |
| girl | n | *ʔänq-/ʔənq- | |
| be enough | vi | *ʔäq-[t-] | |
| grain, cereals | n | *ʔär- | |
| moon, month | n | *ʔärb-/?ärf- | |
| other | n | *ʔäri-/?äli-/?əli- | |
| know | vt | *ʔärq- | |
| who | pron | *ʔäw- | |
| curse | vt/n | *ʔəc- | |
| blow | vi | *ʔəfy- | |
| hail, ice | n | *ʔəɣaɣ- | |
| bear, beget children | vt | *ʔəywVr- | |
| eye, spring | n | *ʔəl- | |
| this | pron | *ʔən[a]- | |
| tie, bind | vt | *ʔəncäw- | |
| mouse, rat | n | *ʔəncəw-a | |
| send | vt | *ʔəncaq- | |
| boy! | n.voc | *ʔənfa | |
| boy, girl | n | *ʔənfa-ta | |
| back, rear | n | *ʔəngər-a | |
| breast | n | *ʔəngʷ-/?angʷ- | |
| undo, untie | vt | *ʔənk- | |
| soul | n | *ʔənk-[dr]- ? | |
| leech | n | *ʔənk-a | |
| love, like | vt | *ʔənkan- | |
| put, place, set down | vt | *ʔənkʷər- | |
| we | pron | *ʔənn- | |
| wash | vt | *ʔənqa-s- | |
| cough | vi/n | *ʔə[n]qʷ- [+] | |
| ear | n | *ʔənqʷ- | |
| fill | vt | *ʔənsaɣ- | |
| you (sg.) | pron | *ʔənt- | |
| come | vi | *ʔənt-[ät-] < PA *- Vnt- | |
| you (pl.) | pron | *ʔəntən- | |
| you, your (pl.) | pron.obl. | *ʔənta- | |
| be full | vi | *ʔəntaɣ- | |
| bite | vt | *ʔəŋ- | |
| child | n | *[?ə]qʷər-a | |
| laugh | vi | *ʔəqʷa- [+] | |
| be small, few | vi | *ʔəqʷt- | |
| possessions, goods, things | n | *ʔəräkʷ- | |
| tears | n | *ʔərəŋʷ- | |
| ploughshare | n | *ʔərban-/?ərfan-a | |
| tooth | n | *ʔərkʷ- | |
| do, make | vt | *ʔəs- | |
| nose | n | *ʔəsVn- | |
| small, little | adj | *ʔətən- | |
| give | vt | *ʔəw- | |
| father | n | *ʔəxər-/ʔaxər- | |
| man, person | n | *ʔəxir- | |
| woman, wife | n | *ʔəxwin-/?əxwən-a | |
| wide | adj/n | *ʔəzan- | |
| head | n | *ʔaɣʷär- | |
| be | vi | *ʔak-/?äx- | |
| grey hair | n | *ʔak-ät- | |
| year | n | *ʔamät- | |
| mountain, high place, top | vi | *ʔamb-[a] | |
| five | num | *ʔankʷ-a | |
| inside | n | *ʔanq- | |
| yesterday | adv | *ʔanʒəŋ-/?ənʒəŋ- | |
| know | vt | *-aq-/?aq- | |
| water | n | *ʔaqʷ- | |
| fish | n | *ʔas-a | |
| skin | n | *ʔax-[a] | |
| drought, dry | n/adj | *ʔiz- | |
| female | adj | *ʔus-äti | |
| lack, not have | vt | *b- | |
| sheep | n | *bäg-a | |
| be hot | vi | *bäl- | |
| door | n | *bäl-a | |
| divide, share | vt | *bän- | |
| hare, rabbit | n | *bäntär/l- | |
| mule | n | *bäql-/bəql-a | |
| curds, go sour | n/vi | *bäqʷ- | |
| forehead | n | *bäw- | |
| cloud | n | *bəkʷän-a | |
| boil | vi | *bəlqʷ-/bəlxw- | |
| flow, pour out | vi | *bəqʷ-/bäqʷ- | |
| be hot | vi | *bər- | |
| blood | n | *bər- | |
| land, earth | n | *bər-a ? | |
| be hot | vi | *bərbər- | |
| saliva | n | *bəsq-/bəsqʷ-/bəcq- | |
| be rich, sated | vi | *bət[t]- ? | |
| land, earth, soil, ground | n | *bət-[a] | |
| louse | n | *bətt-a | |
| carry on the back | vt | *bəw-/baw- | |
| open | vt | *bəz- | |
| leave | vi | *ba-t- | |
| swim | vi | *bamb- | |
| ox | n | *bir-[a] | |
| gourd | n | *bVɣʷ-a | |
| empty, bald, sparse | adj | *bVqʷ- | |
| milk | n | *cäb-/cab- | |
| termite | n | *cäcäb- | |
| left-side | n | *cängäb- | |
| hair | n | *cəb-/cəf- | |
| hair | n | *cəbk-a | |
| be sick | vi | *cəɣʷVs- | |
| sickness, disease | n | *cəɣʷVz- | |
| small, young | n/adj | *cəgʷ- | |
| ten | num | *cək-a | |
| tail | n | *cəmar-/cəmär- | |
| fly | n | *cənc-a | |
| star | n | *cəngərw-a | |
| thirst | n | *cəqʷan-/caqʷən- | |
| hold, take, have | vt | *cak-/cax- | |
| dark, shadow | n | *cam- | |
| sole of the foot | n | *canb-/canf- | |
| grass | n | *cank-a | |
| cook, stew | vt/n | *caqʷ-/cəqʷ- | |
| oath, swear an oath | n/vi | *car-/cär- | |
| scorpion | n | *ciqʷ-/ciɣʷ-a | |
| ashes | n | *cVbVr- | |
| count | vt | *čäb-/čib- ? | |
| vervet monkey | n | *čäčäw-a | |
| fresh dung | n | *čäqʷ-/čaqʷ-a | |
| call | vt | *čəŋ- | |
| rainy season | n | *čəq-/čaq- | |
| salt | n | *čəw-[a] | |
| urinate, urine | vi/n | *čaɣ-/čəɣ- | |
| ask for, beg, pray | vt | *čiw-/čaw- | |
| bury | vt | *däb- | |
| mud, clay | n | *[dä]däqʷ-a | |
| excrement | n | *däɣr- | |
| pass | vi | *däkʷ-/däxw- | |
| cloud | n | *däm[m]än- | |
| learn | vt | *däs- | |
| mountain, hill | n | *dəb[b]-a | |
| short | n | *dədəŋ-/dädäŋ- | |
| defecate | vi | *dəɣr- | |
| speak | vt | *dəɣʷ- | |
| donkey | n | *dəɣʷar- | |
| bad | adj/n | *dək[k]- | |
| vein, sinew | n | *dəng-a | |
| finish | vt | *dəŋʷ- | |
| be destroyed, lost, finished | vi | *dəz- | |
| step, tread | vi | *dad- | |
| top, upper part, height | n | *dag-/däg- | |
| rock, boulder | n | *dangʷər-/dəngʷər- | |
| touch | vt | *danq- | |
| divorce | vt | *daqär- | |
| frog | n | *daqʷs-a/daqs-a | |
| chicken | n | *dirw-a | |
| buy | vt | *dyəb-/dyäb- | |
| cat | n | *dVmmV-[ta] | |
| go out, go up | vi | *f- | |
| bake | vt | *fäɣ- | |
| horse | n | *färz-[a] | |
| go | vi | *fät- | |
| sow | vt | *faz- | |
| goat | n | *fəntVr-a | |
| fruit | n | *fər- | |
| fly | vi | *fər-/bər- | |
| comb | vt | *fal-/fäl- | |
| breathe out, rest | vi | *fiɣʷ-/faɣʷ- | |
| flea | n | *fVlVt-a | |
| refuse, forbid | vt | *gäb- | |
| side, half | n | *gäb-/gäf- | |
| face | n | *gäc- | |
| go down, descend | vi | *gäm- | |
| grow old | vi | *gän- | |
| mother | n | *gän-a | |
| sleep | vi | *gänʒ- ? | |
| be strong, numerous | vi | *gär- | |
| calf | n | *gär- | |
| day | n | *gärk- | |
| bless | vt | *gäw-t- | |
| dig, till the earth | vt | *gäz-/gəz- | |
| stick, staff | n | *gəmb- | |
| knee | n | *gərb- | |
| back | n | *gərb-a | |
| spend the day | vi | *gərg- | |
| man, male | n | *gərw-a | |
| backside, anus, vagina | n | *gət- | |
| dog | n | *gəzəŋ-/gəzäŋ- | |
| speak | vt | *gab- | |
| cave | n | *gaɣ-/gʷaɣ- | |
| run | vi | *gaŋ-/giŋ- | |
| be ripe, cooked | vi | *gi- | |
| shield | n | *gib- | |
| horn | n | *gix- | |
| get up, stand up | vi | *gʷ- | |
| side of the body | n | *gʷädŋ- | |
| possessed, mad | n/adj | *gʷäɣät- | |
| till the earth, plough | vt | *gʷäz- | |
| belly | n | *gʷäzgʷ-/gʷəzgʷ- | |
| sharpen | vt | *gʷəb-/gəb | |
| morning | n | *gʷərab-/gʷärab- | |
| fear | n | *gʷaɣ-/gʷəɣ- | |
| thunder | n | *gʷangʷ-/gʷängʷ- | |
| cut | vt | *käb-/kab- | |
| bear, beget children | vt | *käbän-/kamän- | |
| yawn | vi | *käɣäs- | |
| cold | adj/n | *kämb-/kamb- | |
| lip | n | *känfär- | |
| break | vt | *kär-/käl- | |
| hang | vt | *kärkär-/käkär- | |
| shoulder | n | *käs- | |
| house, village | n | *käw- | |
| possessions, cattle | n | *kəm-/käm- | |
| neck | n | *kərm- | |
| stone | n | *kərŋ-/karŋ- | |
| dawn | vi | *kəs- | |
| die | vi | *kət- | |
| kill | vt | *kəw- | |
| buffalo | n | *kəw-a ? | |
| marriage | n | *kəxan- | |
| sell | vt | *kəz- | |
| cross, go across | vi | *ka-t- | |
| help | vt | *kab- | |
| dry | adj | *kag- | |
| tree, wood | n | *kan-[a] | |
| wing | n | *kanf-/kanb- | |
| be angry | vi | *kar-/kʷar- ? | |
| spend the night | vi | *ki- | |
| all | clitic | *-ki | |
| male (animals) | n/adj | *kin- | |
| get to know, understand | vt | *kin-t-/kan-t- | |
| be better | vi | *kiz- | |
| forest, woodland | n | *kVbVn- | |
| forearm | n | *kʷäräz- | |
| add | vt | *kʷäz- | |
| you, your (sg.) | pron. obl. | *kʷə-/kə- | |
| evening, become evening | n/vi | *kʷəm- | |
| become evening | vi | *kʷən- | |
| river, stream | n | *kʷər-[a] | |
| cover | vt | *kʷət[t]- ? | |
| stonewall | n | *kʷan-/kʷän-a | |
| sun | n | *kʷar-a | |
| fall | vi | *läb- | |
| be long, tall | vi | *lägäz- | |
| wound | n | *läɣän- | |
| two | num | *läŋ-/laŋ-a | |
| seven | num | *läŋätt-a/laŋätt-a | |
| right-side | n | *läw-/law- | |
| fire | n | *läx- | |
| heart | n | *ləb[b]äk-a | |
| foot, leg | n | *ləkʷ- | |
| cover | vt | *ləm-/läm- | |
| cow | n | *ləw- | |
| one | num | *la-[+-ɣʷ/-ti] | |
| feather | n | *lab- | |
| shave | vt | *lac-/läc-/ləc- | |
| flour, meal | n | *laɣ- | |
| come! | vi.imper. | *laɣ-/laɣʷ- | |
| bee | n | *laɣl-[a] | |
| receive | vt | *lam-t- ? | |
| lick | vt | *lanc- | |
| tongue | n | *lanq- | |
| finger | n | *laŋ- | |
| vomit, spit | vi | *laq-[ət-] | |
| hundred | num | *liɣ- | |
| mouth | n | *mäkäy- | |
| turn sour, ferment | vi | *mä[n]č- | |
| door, gate | n | *mär-a | |
| carry | vt | *məɣʷ-t-/mäɣʷ-t- | |
| lightning | n | *mərk-/bərk- | |
| snake | n | *mərVw-[a] | |
| forget | vt | *məx-[Vt-] | |
| throw down, throw away | vt | *mal- | |
| leather bag | n | *mar- | |
| honey wine, mead | n | *miz- | |
| suck | vt | *näb- | |
| middle | n | *näbäk-/näbäx- | |
| dream | vi/n | *näbäx/ɣ- | |
| male (humans) | adj | *näs-aɣʷ | |
| calf | n | *näw- | |
| give here (i.e. to the speaker) | vt | *nak-/nax- | |
| now | adv | *nan ? < *ʔənan | |
| hand, arm | n | *nan- | |
| black | adj | *ŋəcir- | |
| today | adv | *nəki/naki | |
| house | n | *ŋən- | |
| bone | n | *ŋac- | |
| head, brain | n | *ŋat-a | |
| 3rd pers. pronoun | pron | *ŋV- | |
| egg | n | *qäɣal- [+] ? | |
| worm | n | *qəc-a | |
| cheek, side of the face | n | *qac-/qäc- | |
| steal, thief | vi/n | *qacän- ? | |
| bark (tree) | n | *qaf- | |
| straw, stalk | n | *qanc-a ? | |
| spend the morning | vi | *qas- | |
| night | n | *qir-/qar- | |
| smell | n/vi | *qir-/qar- | |
| eat | vt | *qʷ- | |
| egg | n | *qʷäräɣ- [+] | |
| pa nose | n | *qʷəmb-/qəmb- | |
| wet, moist | n/adj | *qʷət- | |
| be small, thin | vi | *qʷət-t- | |
| anoint | vt | *qʷa-s- | |
| anoint o.s. | vi | *qʷa-t- | |
| see | vt | *qʷal-/qal- | |
| dress, wear | vt | *sä-t- | |
| stab, prick, pierce | vt | *säb- | |
| do, make | vt | *säb-/t-säb- | |
| three | num | *säɣʷ-/səɣʷ-a | |
| eight | num | *säɣʷätt-a | |
| upper back, shoulder blades, mountain ridge | n | *säg- | |
| tapeworm | n | *säk-a | |
| lungs | n | *sämb-/samb- | |
| axe | n | *sänkʷät - | |
| red | adj | *sär-/sar-aɣʷ | |
| four | num | *säʒ[ʒ]-a | |
| nine | num | *säʒt-a > *säcta | |
| onion | n | *səgʷərt- | |
| stay, wait | vi | *sək-/səx- ? | |
| barley | n | *səkm- | |
| sacrifice | vt | *səkʷ-/sakʷ/säxw- | |
| beer | n | *sələɣ-/səlaɣ- | |
| stay, live, dwell | vi | *səmb- | |
| butter | n | *sən-a | |
| bark (tree) | n | *sənkʷ-a | |
| swallow | vt | *səŋʷ- | |
| root | n | *sər- | |
| bride, bridegroom | n | *sərgʷ- | |
| rain | n | *səw-a | |
| meat | n | *səx-a | |
| sweat | n | *səzq- | |
| honey | n | *saɣär-a | |
| fat | n | *saɣʷ-a | |
| liver | n | *sanq- | |
| sew, plait | vt | *saq-/saɣ- | |
| underneath | n | *saqʷ-/səqʷ | |
| name | n | *šəŋʷ- | |
| appear, seem | vi | *täk-/tak- | |
| grandmother | n | *t-än- | |
| tens formative | num | *-täŋən | |
| vicinity, side | n | *täx-/tax- | |
| be near, draw near | vi | *täx-t-/tax-t- | |
| be hidden | vi | *təb-t- | |
| bedbug | n | *təɣʷan- | |
| medicine, remedy | n | *təl-a | |
| darkness, dark | n | *təm- | |
| stop, stand still | vi | *təmb- | |
| find | vt | *təŋ- | |
| flax, linseed | n | *tərb- | |
| enter | vi | *təw- | |
| smoke | n | *təz-[a] | |
| teff (Poa abyssinica) | n | *tab-/taf- | |
| taste | vt | *tam- | |
| hit, strike | vt | *tax-s/z- | |
| father's sister | n | *t-axər-/t-əxər- | |
| bullock | n | *timt-a | |
| light | n | *tixw-a | |
| sister | n | *t-sän- < *t-zän- | |
| what | pron | *wä-/wə- | |
| threshing floor | n | *wädän-a | |
| hyena | n | *wäk-/wäx- | |
| six | num | *wält-a | |
| wild pig | n | *wänkir-/wängir- | |
| give back, answer | vt | *wäntär-s- | |
| return, go back | vi | *wäntär- | |
| sieve | n | *wäntäb- | |
| ashes, embers | n | *wəz-/wäz- | |
| become, be | vi | *wan-/wän- | |
| ask a question | vt | *wanqär- | |
| hear | vt | *was- | |
| play, game | vt/n | *waxär- | |
| mat for sleeping on | n | *wVcäɣ-a | |
| leaf | n | *xac-[a] | |
| big | adj | *xay- | |
| say | vt | *y- | |
| lumbar region, waist, hips | n | *yäw- | |
| me, my | pron.obl. | *yə- | |
| leopard | n | *yəb-a | |
| brother | n | *zän-/zan- | |
| walk | vi | *ʒäŋ- | |
| insult | vt | *ʒäq-/ʒäɣ- | |
| want, wish | vt | *ʒäräb- | |
| wheat | n | *ʒärgʷ-a | |
| bird | n | *ʒäxäl-a | |
| guinea fowl | n | *ʒəɣrVn-[a] | |
| be heavy | vi | *ʒəkaw- | |
| go round, turn | vi | *ʒələw- | |
| dance, sing | vi | *ʒəm- | |
| drink | vt | *ʒəq-/ʒaq - | |
| intestines, innards | n | *ʒər- | |
| front | n | *ʒab- | |
| baboon | n | *ʒaggVr-/ʒäggVr- | |
| elephant | n | *ʒan-a | |
| God | n | *ʒar- | |
| talk, tell, story | vt/n | *ʒiŋ- |
References[edit]
- Appleyard, David L. 2006. A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages. (Kuschitische Sprachstudien – Cushitic Language Studies Band 24). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.