nach
German
Etymology
From Old High German nāh with preservation of word-final -h as -ch; thus pertaining to modern nah (“near”) (from Old High German inflected nāh-). Cognate with Dutch na, English nigh.
Pronunciation
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- IPA(key): /nax/ Lua error in Module:parameters at line 331: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "as a preposition, unless stressed" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E.
audio: (file)
Preposition
nach (+ dative)
- after, past (later in time)
- Viertel nach sechs
- a quarter past six
- nach einer Woche
- after a week
- after, behind (in sequence)
- B kommt nach A.
- B comes after A.
- to, towards (with geographical names; see usage notes below)
- die Flucht nach Ägypten
- the flight into Egypt
- according to; guided by
- 1918, Elisabeth von Heyking, Die Orgelpfeifen, in: Zwei Erzählungen, Phillipp Reclam jun. Verlag, page 19:
- Die eigenen Zimmer hatten sich die Enkel nach persönlichem Geschmack eingerichtet.
- The grandchildren had furnished their own rooms according to their personal taste.
- Die eigenen Zimmer hatten sich die Enkel nach persönlichem Geschmack eingerichtet.
- 1918, Elisabeth von Heyking, Die Orgelpfeifen, in: Zwei Erzählungen, Phillipp Reclam jun. Verlag, page 19:
- by the authority of; following
- die Analyse nach Marx
- the analysis following Marx
- (with verbs of sensual perception) like (see usage notes below)
- Das riecht nach Knoblauch. – This smells like garlic.
- for (indicating desire for an object)
- nach etwas greifen — “to reach for something”
- nach etwas streben - “to strive for/after something”
- nach etwas suchen - “to search for something”
Usage notes
- (to, towards): The directional preposition nach is now used chiefly with geographical names that do not have an article with them: nach Ägypten, nach Hamburg, etc. Only in elevated, literary style are there remnants of a freer use of nach:
- At times, this use of nach conveys the implication that the destination is not reached. Thus: Er fuhr zum Schloss. – “He travelled to the castle [and arrived there].” But: Er fuhr nach dem Schloss. – “He travelled towards the castle [and may or may not have arrived].”
- Directional nach with personal names (or names of shops etc.) is found in the regional vernaculars of north-western Germany: nach Peter (“to Peter's house”). This is nonstandard usage.
- (like): There may be a slight semantic distinction between the use of nach and wie after a verb of sensual perception. The following phrases both translate to English as “This feels like silk”, but compare the different implications: Das fühlt sich nach Seide an. (“This feels like silk, and it probably is.”) Das fühlt sich an wie Seide. (“This feels like silk, although it’s probably something else.”) This distinction is not a strict one, however.
Postposition
nach (preceded by dative)
- according to
- meiner Meinung nach ― in my opinion
Adverb
nach
Derived terms
Related terms
Irish
Alternative forms
- ná (Munster; all senses)
Etymology
From Old Irish nach, from Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, a combination of Proto-Indo-European *ne (negative particle) and *-kʷe (“and”); compare Latin neque.
Pronunciation
Conjunction
nach (triggers eclipsis; used with the dependent form of an irregular verb if there is one)
- that...not (introduces a negative subordinate clause; the negation of go).
- Dúirt sé nach raibh carr aige.
- He said that he didn’t have a car.
Particle
nach (triggers eclipsis; used with the dependent form of an irregular verb if there is one)
- not (in questions)
- Nach bhfuil ocras ort?
- Are you not hungry?
- Chonaic mé í, nach bhfaca?
- I saw her, didn’t I?
Particle
nach (copular form)
- isn’t...?/whether/if it is... (introduces negative questions, both direct and indirect)
- Nach maith leat bainne?
- Don’t you like milk?
- Níl a fhios agam an miste dó nó nach miste.
- I don’t know if it matters to him or not.
- who/which isn’t... (introduces negative relative clauses, both direct and indirect)
- an bhean nach múinteoir í ― the woman who isn’t a teacher
- an bhean nach maith léi bainne ― the woman who doesn’t like milk
Related terms
Simple copular forms
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Compound copular forms
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v Used before vowel sounds |
References
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “nach”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 nach, nách (‘not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “3 nach, nách (‘who/which ... not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “4 nach, nách (‘that ... not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “5 nach, nách (‘isn’t?, doesn’t?’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Luxembourgish
Etymology
From Old High German nāh (compare German nach, noch (“still”)).
Pronunciation
Adverb
nach
Conjunction
nach
- nor
- Luxembourgish translation of Matthew 5:35:
- nach bei der Äerd, well dat ass d'Bänkelche fir seng Féiss, nach bei Jerusalem, well dat ass deem grousse Kinnek seng Stad.
- nor by the earth, because it is the footstool for his feet, nor by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King.
- Luxembourgish translation of Matthew 5:35:
Usage notes
- Often used with weder (“neither”).
Old Irish
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *nekʷos (“someone, something”); compare nech (“someone”). Cognate with Welsh neb.
Pronunciation
Determiner
nach
- some, any
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 23b12
- it essamnu de ar ro·fitetar is ar nach n-indocbáil móir fo·daimim-se inso
- i.e. they are the more fearless, for they know that it is for some great glory that I endure this
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 23b12
Inflection
Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
Nominative | nach | nachL | naH | nachaH | ||
Accusative | nachN | |||||
Genitive | nachL, naichL | nachaH | nach | — | ||
Dative | nachL | nach | ||||
L indicates a form that triggers lenition, N a form that triggers nasalization (eclipsis), and H a form that triggers /h/-prothesis. The plural forms shown occur only in negative clauses. In positive clauses, the plural is supplied by alaili, araili. |
Derived terms
Verb
nach
- Alternative spelling of nách (“that (it) is not”)
Further reading
- Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 nach”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 489, pages 309–10
Scottish Gaelic
Etymology
From Old Irish nach, from Proto-Celtic *ne-kʷe, a combination of negative particle *ne and conjunction *kʷe; compare Latin neque.
Pronunciation
Particle
nach
Usage notes
- Used with the dependent form of a verb to produce a negative question.
- Nach eil an t-acras ort? ― Are you not hungry?
- Chunnaic mi i, nach fhaca? ― I saw her, didn't I?
Conjunction
nach
- that not
Usage notes
- Used with the dependent form of a verb to introduce a negative subordinate clause. The negation of gu.
- Bha e ag ràdh nach robh càr aige. ― He said that he didn't have a car.
References
- Edward Dwelly (1911) “nach”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary][1], 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
- Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 nach, nách (‘not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “3 nach, nách (‘who/which ... not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “4 nach, nách (‘that ... not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “5 nach, nách (‘isn’t?, doesn’t?’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
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