流

流 U+F9CA, 流 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9CA ← 柳 [U+F9C9] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 溜 → [U+F9CB]

流 U+FA97, 流 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA97 ← 殺 [U+FA96] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 滛 → [U+FA98]

流 U+2F902, 流 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F902 ← 海 [U+2F901] CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 浩 → [U+2F903]

Translingual

Stroke order

Mainland China, Japan and Korea

Stroke order

Taiwan

Alternative forms

• In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing character form), Japanese kanji, Korean hanja and Vietnamese Nôm, the upper right component 𠫓 is written ⿱亠厶 (4 strokes) while the bottom right stroke is written 乚 with an ending hook which is the historical form found in the Kangxi Dictionary.
• In Taiwan and Hong Kong (based on Big5 character form), the upper right component 𠫓 is written ⿻一厶 (3 strokes) while the bottom right stroke is written ㇄ without the ending hook.
• Three CJK compatibility ideographs exist for this character:
  • U+F9CA corresponds to a duplicate character found in South Korea's KS X 1001 character set.
  • U+FA97 corresponds to an alternative form used in North Korea which is similar to the character used in Taiwan/Hong Kong.
  • U+2F902 corresponds to an alternative form used in Taiwan which is similar to the character used in mainland China/Japan/Korea but the bottom right stroke is written ㇄ without the ending hook.

Han character

流 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+7, 9 strokes in Chinese in traditional Chinese, 10 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, 10 strokes in Korean, cangjie input 水卜戈山 (EYIU), four-corner 3411₃, composition ⿰氵㐬(GJKV or U+F9CA or U+2F902) or ⿰氵⿱𠫓⿲丿丨㇄(HT or U+FA97))

Derived characters

• 𠺩, 𭱛, 𣹭, 蓅, 𥧕, 𥰤, 𡏬, 𭒐, 𬈰, 瑬, 𮋠, 鎏, 𪃂, 𩙣

Descendants

• ル (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 623, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17572
• Dae Jaweon: page 1019, character 7
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1631, character 12
• Unihan data for U+6D41

• Unihan data for U+F9CA

• Unihan data for U+FA97

• Unihan data for U+2F902

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Chinese

trad.		流
simp. #		流
alternative forms		汖 㳅 𡵰 𣳛 𭰈 汖 㳅 𡵰 𣳛 𭰈 𣴑 𣹭 𣹳 𣻤 ⿰氵巟 ⿰氵𡿮 ⿰𣴑水 ⿲水𡿮水 ⿲氺⿱一𠫝水 ⿰氵⿱厶⿲丿丨㇏

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (流) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
流	*ru
硫	*ru
琉	*ru
旒	*ru
瑬	*ru
裗	*ru

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ru) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 㐬 ().

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): liú (liu²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lau⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): liù

  (Meixian, Guangdong): liu²

• Eastern Min (BUC): liù
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lâu / liû

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lao⁵ / liu⁵

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶lieu

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: liú
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lióu
    • Wade–Giles: liu²
    • Yale: lyóu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liou
    • Palladius: лю (lju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯oʊ̯³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: lau⁴
    • Yale: làuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lau⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: leo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɐu̯²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liù
    • Hakka Romanization System: liuˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: liu²
    • Sinological IPA: /li̯u¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: liu²
    • Sinological IPA: /liu¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: liù
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ieu⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lâu / liû
    • Tâi-lô: lâu / liû
    • Phofsit Daibuun: laau, liuu
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lau²⁴/, /liu²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lau²⁴/, /liu²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lau¹³/, /liu¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lau²⁴/, /liu²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lau²³/, /liu²³/

Note:

• lâu - vernacular;
• liû - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: lao⁵ / liu⁵
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lâu / liû
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lau⁵⁵/, /liu⁵⁵/

Note:

• lao5 - vernacular;
• liu5 - literary.

• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁶lieu
    • MiniDict: lieu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³lieu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /liɤ²³/

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• Middle Chinese: ljuw

Rime
Character	流
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力求切
Baxter	ljuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/liu/
Shao Rongfen	/liəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/luw/
Li Rong	/liu/
Wang Li	/lĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	liú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lau4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ru/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ru/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	流
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	liú
Middle Chinese	‹ ljuw ›
Old Chinese	/*ru/
English	flow (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	流
Reading #	1/1
No.	8335
Phonetic component	流
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	劉
Old Chinese	/*ru/
Notes	或爲毓省聲

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 流

1. to flow

   • 地震，梁山崩，壅河，三日不流。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

     From: (deprecated template usage) 春秋繁露 (Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals

     Dìzhèn, Liángshān bēng, yōnghé, sān rì bù liú. [Pinyin]

     The earth trembled, and Mount Liang collapsed. It blocked a river which did not flow for three days.

   流汗  ―  liúhàn  ―  to sweat

   流淚／流泪  ―  liúlèi  ―  to cry; to let tears flow

   流血  ―  liúxuè  ―  to bleed

2. to drift; to wander

   流連／流连  ―  liúlián  ―  to linger; to be reluctant to leave

3. class; grade

   一流  ―  yīliú  ―  first class; top grade

4. (of water, electricity, other fluids) current; flow; stream

   氣流／气流  ―  qìliú  ―  airflow

   電流／电流  ―  diànliú  ―  electric current

5. to spread; to scatter; to disseminate

   Template:zh-syn

   流言  ―  liúyán  ―  rumors; gossip

   流芳  ―  liúfāng  ―  to leave a good reputation

6. (physics) Short for 流明 (liúmíng, “lumen”).
7. (mathematics) flow

Compounds

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

流

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: る (ru, Jōyō ^†)
• Kan-on: りゅう (ryū, Jōyō)^{←りう (riu, historical)}
• Kun: ながれる (nagareru, 流れる, Jōyō); ながす (nagasu, 流す, Jōyō)
• Nanori: とも (tomo); はる (haru)

Compounds

Compounds

• 流石(さすが) (sasuga)
• 流離(さすらい) (sasurai)
• 流行(はや)る (hayaru)
• 流鏑馬(やぶさめ) (yabusame)

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 流 (MC ljuw).

Noun

流(りゅう) • (ryū) ^{←りう (riu)?}

1. the flow of water or something like water
2. art forms, methods, styles, and techniques peculiar to a person or house

Affix

流(りゅう) • (ryū) ^{←りう (riu)?}

1. current, flow, stream, waterflow
2. flowing, washing
3. spread

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 流(りゅう)域(いき) (ryūiki)
• 流(りゅう)通(つう) (ryūtsū)
• 流(りゅう)派(は) (ryūha)
• 流(りゅう)離(り) (ryūri)

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Korean

Hanja

流 • (ryu>yu) (hangeul 류>유)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

流: Hán Việt readings: lưu
流: Nôm readings: lưu

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.