pena

See also: Pena, péna, pená, penà, peña, pěna, and pę́na

Catalan

Etymology

From , from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

Noun

pena f (plural penes)

1. punishment, penalty
2. grief, sorrow, pain
3. a shame, a pity

Derived terms

• penal
• penar

Verb

pena

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Galician

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpena̝/

Etymology 1

From Old Galician and Old Galician-Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.

Noun

pena f (plural penas)

1. punishment, penalty
   • 1370, Enrique Cal Pardo (ed.), Colección diplomática medieval do arquivo da catedral de Mondoñedo. Santiago: Consello da Cultura Galega, page 103:

     o bispo et esse Ferrand Bonome por si et por sa moller se obligaron su pena de mill mor. da boa moneda para gardaren a vnna parte aa outra todas estas cousas

     the bishop and this Fernando Bonome, for him and for his wife, compromised themselves, under a penalty of a thousand coins, to respect this agreement

   Synonym: castigo

2. pain; sadness
   • 1370, Ramón Lorenzo (ed.), Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 731:

     en guisa que a sua alma ouuese bẽeyçóm et nõ andase en pena

     so that his soul would be blessed and wouldn't wander in pain

   Synonyms: dor, tristura, mágoa

Related terms

• penar
• penitencia
• penitente
• que pena
• vale a pena

Etymology 2

From Old Galician and Old Galician-Portuguese pena, from Latin pinna (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”).

Noun

pena f (plural penas)

1. vanes or blades of a water wheel

   Synonym: aspa

2. (archaic) feather

   Synonym: pluma

3. (archaic) pelt
   • 1409, J. L. Pensado Tomé (ed.), Rufus, Jordanus: Tratado de Albeitaria. Santiago de Compostela: Centro Ramón Piñeiro, page 133:

     coito todo ensenbra con pena de gallina

     all of that boiled together with a hen pelt

   Synonym: pelica

Derived terms

• depenar (“to pluck, to peel”)
• depenicar (“to pluck”)
• penacho (“tuft, crest”)

Etymology 3

Pena do Guerreiro (rock known as "the Warrior"), Carnota, Galicia

Either from Latin pinna ("feather, wing"; then "merlon, fortress"; then, hypothetically, "rock"), or from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (“head”).

Noun

pena f (plural penas)

1. boulder, rock
   • 1370, Ramón Lorenzo (ed.), Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 688:

     alý se leuãtara hũa pena, que era en çima moy chãa et moyto alta contra o çeo

     there a rock stood, which was very flat at the top and which rose very high

   Synonym: penedo

2. (archaic) hill, hillock

Derived terms

• Pena
• Pena Corveira
• Penaboa
• Penalba
• Penalonga
• Penamaior
• Penamoura
• Pendón
• Peneda
• penedo (“boulder, rocky outcrop”)
• Penedón
• Penela
• Penelas
• Penido
• Penouco
• Penouta
• Penouzos

References

• Template:R:DDGM
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “pena”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
• Template:R:DDLG
• "pena" in Santamarina, Antón (coord.): Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega. <http://ilg.usc.es/TILG/>
• “pena” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.

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Guinea-Bissau Creole

Etymology

From Portuguese pena. Cognates with Kabuverdianu péna.

Noun

pena

1. feather

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Indonesian

Etymology

From Latin penna (“feather, pen”), influenced by Dutch pen.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈpɛna]
• Hyphenation: pè‧na

Noun

pèna (first-person possessive penaku, second-person possessive penamu, third-person possessive penanya)

1. pen (writing utensil)

Alternative forms

• pen (nonstandard)

Synonyms

• bolpen

Further reading

• “pena” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

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Italian

Etymology 1

From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpena/, [ˈpeː.na]
• Hyphenation: pé‧na

Noun

pena f (plural pene)

1. sorrow
2. trouble
3. worry, anxiety
4. pity
5. sentence, penalty, punishment

   Synonyms: castigo, punizione

6. pain

Derived terms

• appena
• fare pena
• istituto di pena
• penare
• prendersi la pena
• valere la pena

 

Related terms

• penale

Etymology 2

Verb

pena

1. inflection of penare:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Anagrams

• pane

Further reading

• pena in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

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Ladin

Etymology

From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

Noun

pena f (plural penes)

1. penalty, punishment

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Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈpeː.na/, [ˈpeːnä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈpe.na/, [ˈpɛːnä]

Noun

pēna f (genitive pēnae); first declension

1. Alternative form of poena [Mediaeval–early New Latin]

Declension

First-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pēna	pēnae
Genitive	pēnae	pēnārum
Dative	pēnae	pēnīs
Accusative	pēnam	pēnās
Ablative	pēnā	pēnīs
Vocative	pēna	pēnae

References

• pena in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• pena in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• pena in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[1], pre-publication website, 2005-2016

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Old Occitan

Etymology

From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

Noun

pena f (oblique plural penas, nominative singular pena, nominative plural penas)

1. pain; suffering

Synonyms

• dolor

Descendants

• Catalan: pena
• Occitan: pena

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Portuguese

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpe.nɐ/
• Hyphenation: pe‧na

Noun

pena f (plural penas)

1. punishment
2. pain; sadness

Synonyms

• (punishment): castigo, condenação
• (pain; sadness): dor, tristeza

Interjection

pena

1. pity (what a shame, what a pity)

Related terms

• penar
• penitência
• penitente
• que pena
• vale a pena

Etymology 2

From Old Galician-Portuguese pena, from Latin penna and pinna, from Proto-Italic *petnā (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”).

pena

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpe.nɐ/

Noun

pena f (plural penas)

2. feather
4. quill (pen made from a feather)
5. (dated) Alternative form of penha

Synonyms

• (feather): pluma

Derived terms

• penada
• Pena
• Penacova
• Penafiel
• Penalva

Related terms

• plumagem
• penugem

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɛ.nɐ/

Verb

pena

1. Template:pt-verb-form-of

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Serbo-Croatian

Alternative forms

• (Ijekavian): pjȅna

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *pěna.

Noun

pȅna f (Cyrillic spelling пе̏на)

1. foam

Declension

Declension of pena

	singular	plural
nominative	pȅna	pene
genitive	pene	pȇnā
dative	peni	penama
accusative	penu	pene
vocative	peno	pene
locative	peni	penama
instrumental	penom	penama

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Slovak

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *pěna.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɛna/

Noun

pena f (genitive singular peny, nominative plural peny, genitive plural pien, declension pattern of žena)

1. foam

Declension

Declension of pena

	singular	plural
nominative	pena	peny
genitive	peny	pien
dative	pene	penám
accusative	penu	peny
locative	pene	penách
instrumental	penou	penami

Derived terms

• penový
• pienka

Further reading

• “pena”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

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Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *pěna.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pèːna/

Noun

pẹ́na f

1. foam

Inflection

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Feminine, a-stem
nominative	péna
genitive	péne
	singular
nominative (imenovȃlnik)	péna
genitive (rodȋlnik)	péne
dative (dajȃlnik)	péni
accusative (tožȋlnik)	péno
locative (mẹ̑stnik)	péni
instrumental (orọ̑dnik)	péno

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Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpena/ [ˈpe.na]
• Hyphenation: pe‧na

Etymology 1

From Old Spanish pena, from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

Noun

pena f (plural penas)

1. punishment

   Synonyms: castigo, condena

2. pain, sadness

   Synonyms: dolor, tristeza

3. trouble

   Synonyms: problema, dificultad

4. (Latin America) embarrassment

   Synonym: vergüenza

5. pity

   Synonym: lástima

Derived terms

• a duras penas
• ahogar las penas
• apenar
• dar pena
• penar
• penoso
• valer la pena

 

Related terms

• penal
• penitencia
• penitente

 

Etymology 2

Verb

pena

1. Informal second-person singular (tú) affirmative imperative form of penar.
2. Formal second-person singular (usted) present indicative form of penar.
3. Third-person singular (él, ella, also used with usted^?) present indicative form of penar.

Further reading

• “pena”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

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Turkish

Etymology

From Italian penna.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɛnɑ/
• Hyphenation: pe‧na

Noun

pena (definite accusative penayı, plural penalar)

1. (music) plectrum

Declension

Inflection
Nominative	pena
Definite accusative	penayı
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pena	penalar
Definite accusative	penayı	penaları
Dative	penaya	penalara
Locative	penada	penalarda
Ablative	penadan	penalardan
Genitive	penanın	penaların

Synonyms

• mızrap
• çalgıç
• tezene

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Venetian

Etymology

From Latin paene. Compare Italian appena.

Adverb

pena

1. hardly