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U+9577, 長
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9577

[U+9576]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+9578]
U+2FA7, ⾧
KANGXI RADICAL LONG

[U+2FA6]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2FA8]
U+2ED1, ⻑
CJK RADICAL LONG ONE

[U+2ED0]
CJK Radicals Supplement
[U+2ED2]

Translingual

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Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Alternative forms

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  • (when used as a radical)

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 168, +0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 71732, composition ⿱⿺𠄌丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺𠄌丿(HT) or ⿱⿰𰀀丿(HT))

  1. Kangxi radical #168, .

Derived characters

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See also

[edit]

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1328, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4050, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9577

Chinese

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trad.
simp.
alternative forms

𠑿
𡕣
𠇬

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script

Pictogram (象形) – an old man with long hair; an ancient variant still used is . Compare . The original character on oracle bones is similar to and .

Etymology

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Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).

Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.

See for more.

Pronunciation 1

[edit]

Note:
  • dòng - colloquial;
  • diòng - literary.
Note:
  • tn̂g/tôⁿ - colloquial;
  • tiô/tiôⁿ - colloquial (only used in 長泰长泰);
  • tiông/tiâng - literary;
  • chhiâng - literary (limited, e.g. 笨長笨长 and 高長高长).
Note:
  • deng5 - colloquial;
  • ciang5 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 長 (短)
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
/t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡sʰaŋ³¹/
Guiyang /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰã̠¹/
Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Hefei /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/
/t͡suə¹³/
Hohhot /t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zã²³/
Suzhou /zã¹³/
Hangzhou /d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou /d͡ʑi³¹/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
Xiangtan /ɖ͡ʐɔn¹²/
Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /tʃʰoŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Nanning /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tiɔŋ³⁵/
/tŋ̍³⁵/
/t͡sʰiaŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /touŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /tɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/
/tɯŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /siaŋ³¹/
/ʔdo³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/3
Initial () (11)
Final () (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter drjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɖɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɖiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/ȡiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɖɨaŋ/
Li
Rong
/ȡiaŋ/
Wang
Li
/ȡĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ȡʱi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
cháng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
coeng4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
cháng
Middle
Chinese
‹ drjang ›
Old
Chinese
/*Cə-[N]-traŋ/
English long (adj.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/3
No. 1276
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*daŋ/

Definitions

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  1. long (of distance)
      ―  chángzhēng  ―  Long March
  2. length
      ―  quáncháng  ―  full length (of a river)
  3. long (in space); far; distant
  4. long (of time); lasting
  5. (Northern Wu, of a person) tall
    三十厘米 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    三十厘米 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6ngu 5pi 6yi 6zan 1se-zeq8 6li-mi6 [Wugniu]
    I'm taller than him by thirty centimeters.
  6. everlasting; permanent
  7. constantly; frequently
    See also:
  8. straight; perfectly straight
  9. upright; right; good; fine
  10. strength; advantage; merit
  11. skill; specialism
  12. to excel in
  13. (Mainland China Hokkien) to take advantage of someone
  14. (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) segment of time or object
    [Hokkien, trad.]
    [Hokkien, simp.]
    hun chòe nn̄g tn̂g [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    to divide into two segments
  15. (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) regularly; often; frequently
  16. a surname

Synonyms

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(tall):

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():

Pronunciation 2

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Note:
  • tióng/tiáng - literary;
  • tiúⁿ/tióⁿ/tiáuⁿ - vernacular ("leader");
  • chiáng - colloquial ("to grow", limited).
Note:
  • ziang2 - "leader", "grow", "senior";
  • dion2 - dialectal usage ("manager of shops").

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/3
Initial () (9)
Final () (105)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter trjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ʈɨɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʈiɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen
/ȶiɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʈɨaŋX/
Li
Rong
/ȶiaŋX/
Wang
Li
/ȶĭaŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ȶi̯aŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
zhǎng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
zoeng2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
zhǎng
Middle
Chinese
‹ trjangX ›
Old
Chinese
/*traŋʔ/
English grow; elder

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/3
No. 1263
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*taŋʔ/

Definitions

[edit]

  1. to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
      ―  zhǎng  ―  to grow old
    健康 [MSC, trad.]
    健康 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ jiā de shù zhǎng dé hěn jiànkāng. [Pinyin]
    The tree in my house is growing healthily.
  2. (transitive, with (de), of a person's appearance) to look; to appear
    爸爸 [MSC, trad.]
    爸爸 [MSC, simp.]
    zhǎng de hěn xiàng tā bàbà. [Pinyin]
    He looks a lot like his dad.
    [MSC, trad.]
    [MSC, simp.]
    zhǎng de yòu gāo yòu shuài. [Pinyin]
    He is tall and handsome.
  3. (transitive) to increase; to enhance
  4. (intransitive) to increase; to go up
    See also:
  5. to nourish
  6. old (of age)
      ―  niánzhǎng  ―  senior
  7. senior; elder
      ―  xiōngzhǎng  ―  elder brother
  8. leader; master; chief; head
  9. eldest; oldest
  10. to exalt; to honor
  11. to wield; to be in control of
Synonyms
[edit]

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():

Pronunciation 3

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Rime
Character
Reading # 3/3
Initial () (11)
Final () (105)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter drjangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɖɨɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɖiɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ȡiɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɖɨaŋH/
Li
Rong
/ȡiaŋH/
Wang
Li
/ȡĭaŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ȡʱi̯aŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
zhàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
zoeng6
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 3/3
No. 1280
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*daŋs/

Definitions

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  1. (archaic) length; measure of length
    See also:
  2. (archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue
    今旦 [Eastern Min, trad.]
    今旦 [Eastern Min, simp.]
    gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ (t-)nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
    There is a lot of leftover food today.

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. long, lengthy
  2. long time
  3. growing, increasing
  4. excellent, great
  5. comfortable, relaxing
  6. elder, old, senior
  7. chief, head, leader
  8. Short for 長門 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
ちょう
Grade: 2
on'yomi

/tjau//t͡ɕjau//t͡ɕɔː//t͡ɕoː/

From Middle Chinese (MC trjangX) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and (MC drjang) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(ちょう) (chōちやう (tyau)?

  1. chief, head, leader
    (はん)(ちょう)
    han chō
    the group leader
  2. strong point
    Antonym: (tan)
    (ちょう )( の)ばす
    chō o nobasu
    enrich a strong point
  3. (music) major
    Antonym: (tan)

Proper noun

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(ちょう) (Chōちやう (Tyau)?

  1. a surname

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
おさ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

/wosa//osa/

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[3]

Considering the derivation of 幼い (osanai, early childhood, infancy) as (osa) + 無い (nai, not, without, lacking), this osa might have originally included overtones of "senior, elder". Compare English seniority, elderdom for a similar intersection of age and authority.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(おさ) (osaをさ (wosa)?

  1. [from 720] chief, head, leader
    Synonym: (kashira)
Derived terms
[edit]

Proper noun

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(おさ) (Osaをさ (Wosa)?

  1. a place name
  2. a surname

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
なが
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.

Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, long, lengthy).

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Prefix

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(なが) (naga-

  1. long
Derived terms
[edit]

Proper noun

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(なが) (Naga

  1. a surname

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
つかさ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings




From Old Japanese.

Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position) +‎ (-sa, -ness, suffix indicating state or degree). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(つかさ) (tsukasa

  1. a manager, a headman, a foreman
  2. an official
    Synonym: 役人 (yakunin)
  3. government service

Proper noun

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(つかさ) (Tsukasa

  1. a surname
  2. a unisex given name

Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
たき
Grade: 2
irregular

⟨taki1 → */takʲi//taki/

Possibly a variant of take below.[4] Appears in the Ruiju Myōgishō of around 1081-1100 CE.

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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(たき) (taki

  1. height

Etymology 6

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Kanji in this term
たけ
Grade: 2
irregular

⟨take2 → */takəj//take/

Cognate with (taka, height), 高い (takai, high), and 長ける (takeru, to be high).

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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(たけ) (take

  1. height

Proper noun

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(たけ) (Take

  1. a surname

Etymology 7

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Kanji in this term
たける
Grade: 2
irregular

Nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, to excel at).

Proper noun

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(たける) (Takeru

  1. a surname
  2. a male or female given name

Etymology 8

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Kanji in this term
ひさし
Grade: 2
irregular

From Old Japanese.

Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, long time).

Proper noun

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(ひさし) (Hisashi

  1. a surname
  2. a male or female given name

References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  3. ^ ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  4. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology 1

[edit]

From Middle Chinese (MC drjang, “long”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 땨ᇰ (Yale: ttyàng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 (Yale: kin) (Yale: tyang)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun (gil jang))

  1. Hanja form? of (long; lengthy). [prefix]

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese (MC trjangX, “grow; elder”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 댜ᇰ〯 (Yale: tyǎng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 (Yale: kil) (Yale: tyang)

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕa̠(ː)ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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(eumhun 어른 (eoreun jang))

  1. Hanja form? of (head; chief; manager). [noun, suffix]
  2. Hanja form? of (to grow; to develop). [affix]

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Việt readings: trường ((trực)(lương)(thiết))[1][2][3], trưởng ((triển)(lưỡng)(thiết))[1][2][3], tràng[3]
: Nôm readings: tràng[1][2][4], trường[1][2][4], trưởng[1][2][4], dài[1], chường[2], trành[3], trườn[5]

Etymology 1

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Chữ Hán form of trưởng (head; leader; to grow).

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Chữ Hán form of trường (long (of distance and time)).

Compounds

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References

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