固

See also: 周

固 U+56FA, 固 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56FA ← 囹 [U+56F9] CJK Unified Ideographs 囻 → [U+56FB]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

固 (Kangxi radical 31, 囗+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 田十口 (WJR), four-corner 6060₄, composition ⿴囗古)

Derived characters

• 個 箇

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 218, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4745
• Dae Jaweon: page 445, character 23
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 716, character 9
• Unihan data for U+56FA

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		固

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 固
Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
箇	*kaːls
個	*kaːls
居	*kɯ, *kas
橭	*kaː, *kʰaː
嫴	*kaː
姑	*kaː
辜	*kaː
酤	*kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ
蛄	*kaː
鴣	*kaː
沽	*kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs
盬	*kaː, *kaːʔ
古	*kaːʔ
罟	*kaːʔ
估	*kaːʔ
鈷	*kaːʔ
詁	*kaːʔ
牯	*kaːʔ
故	*kaːs
固	*kaːs
稒	*kaːɡs
痼	*kaːɡs
錮	*kaːɡs
鯝	*kaːɡs
棝	*kaːɡs
凅	*kaːɡs
枯	*kʰaː
軲	*kʰaː
跍	*kʰaː
骷	*kʰaː
苦	*kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs
葫	*qʰaː, *ɡaː
餬	*ɡaː
瑚	*ɡaː
湖	*ɡaː
鶘	*ɡaː
猢	*ɡaː
醐	*ɡaː
糊	*ɡaː
箶	*ɡaː
蝴	*ɡaː
胡	*ɡaː
瓳	*ɡaː
怙	*ɡaːʔ
祜	*ɡaːʔ
岵	*ɡaːʔ
婟	*ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs
楛	*ɡaːʔ
据	*ka
裾	*ka
琚	*ka
椐	*ka, *kas, *kʰa
鶋	*ka
蜛	*ka
崌	*ka
涺	*ka
腒	*ka, *ɡa
鋸	*kas
倨	*kas
踞	*kas
涸	*ɡaːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːs) : semantic 囗 + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ).

Etymology

STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ka (“earth; ground; soil”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gù (gu⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gu³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ku
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kò͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gu³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gù
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gù
    • Wade–Giles: ku⁴
    • Yale: gù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guh
    • Palladius: гу (gu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gu³
    • Yale: gu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gu³
    • Guangdong Romanization: gu³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ku
    • Hakka Romanization System: gu
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ku⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘
    • Tâi-lô: kòo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kox
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gu³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kù
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku²¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: kuH

Rime
Character	固
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古暮切
Baxter	kuH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuoH/
Pan Wuyun	/kuoH/
Shao Rongfen	/koH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔH/
Li Rong	/koH/
Wang Li	/kuH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kuoH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤa-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kaːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	固
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gù
Middle Chinese	‹ kuH ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ˁa-s/
English	fortified, secure
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	固
Reading #	1/1
No.	4230
Phonetic component	古
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	顧
Old Chinese	/*kaːs/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 固

1. firm
2. solid
3. to become solid; solidify
4. strength
5. firmly
6. in the first place
7. no doubt

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (固):

• → Japanese: 固(こ) (ko)
• → Korean: 고(固) (go)
• → Vietnamese: cố (固)

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Japanese

Kanji

固

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: く (ku)
• Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
• Kun: かためる (katameru, 固める, Jōyō); かため (katame); かたまる (katamaru, 固まる, Jōyō); かたい (katai, 固い, Jōyō)

Compounds

• 固(こ)形(けい) (kokei)
• 固(こ)執(しつ) (koshitsu), 固(こ)執(しゅう) (koshū)
• 固(こ)守(しゅ) (koshu)
• 固(こ)相(そう) (kosō, “solid phase”)
• 固(こ)体(たい) (kotai)
• 固(こ)定(てい) (kotei)
• 固(こ)有(ゆう) (koyū)

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Korean

Hanja

固 • (go) (hangeul 고, revised go, McCune–Reischauer ko)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 固 (cố, có, cuá)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.