洪水

Chinese

		flood	water; river
simp. and trad. (洪水)		洪	水

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): hóngshuǐ

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄕㄨㄟˇ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hong² sui³

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hung⁴ seoi²

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fùng-súi
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hông-chúi / hông-súi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hong⁵ zui²

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶ghon-sy

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hóngshuǐ
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄕㄨㄟˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hóngshuěi
    • Wade–Giles: hung²-shui³
    • Yale: húng-shwěi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: horngshoei
    • Palladius: хуншуй (xunšuj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xʊŋ³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: hong² sui³
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xungsui
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xoŋ²¹ suei⁵³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hung⁴ seoi²
    • Yale: hùhng séui
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hung⁴ soey²
    • Guangdong Romanization: hung⁴ sêu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fùng-súi
    • Hakka Romanization System: fung^ˇ sui^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fung² sui³
    • Sinological IPA: /fuŋ¹¹ su̯i³¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông-chúi
    • Tâi-lô: hông-tsuí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hongzuie
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông-súi
    • Tâi-lô: hông-suí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hongsuie
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ¹³⁻²² sui⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³⁻³³ sui⁴¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sui⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sui⁵³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hong⁵ zui²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hông tsúi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶ghon-sy
    • MiniDict: ghon^去 sy
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhon-sr
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦoŋ²² sz̩⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: huwng sywijX

Rime
Character	洪	水
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	脂 (18)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	戸公切	式軌切
Baxter	huwng	sywijX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦuŋ/	/ɕˠiuɪX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦuŋ/	/ɕʷᵚiX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuŋ/	/ɕiuɪX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəwŋ/	/ɕjwiX/
Li Rong	/ɣuŋ/	/ɕjuiX/
Wang Li	/ɣuŋ/	/ɕwiX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣuŋ/	/ɕwiX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hóng	shuǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung4	seoi2

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloːŋ  qʰʷljilʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	水
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shuǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ sywijX ›
Old Chinese	/*s.turʔ/ (E dialect: *-r > *-j)
English	water; river
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	洪	水
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4156	11948
Phonetic component	共	水
Rime group	東	脂
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	洪	水
Old Chinese	/*ɡloːŋ/	/*qʰʷljilʔ/

Noun

洪水

1. flood (usually disastrous overflow from a body of water); flooding; floodwater

   容易鬧洪水／容易闹洪水  ―  róngyì nào hóngshuǐ  ―  to be prone to flooding

   • 洪水芒芒，禹敷下土方。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Hóngshuǐ mángmáng, Yǔ fū xià tǔ fāng. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 昔者禹抑洪水，而天下平。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Xīzhě Yǔ yì hóngshuǐ, ér tiānxià píng. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 臣聞洪水橫流，帝思俾乂，旁求四方，以招賢俊。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     臣闻洪水横流，帝思俾乂，旁求四方，以招贤俊。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Wen Xuan, 6^th century CE

     Chén wén hóngshuǐ héngliú, dì sī bǐ yì, páng qiú sìfāng, yǐ zhāo xián jùn. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 奮勉不放逸，克己自調御，智者自作洲，不為洪水沒。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     奋勉不放逸，克己自调御，智者自作洲，不为洪水没。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 法句經 (Fǎjùjīng) (the Dhammapada)

     Fènmiǎn bù fàngyì, kè jǐ zì diào yù, zhìzhě zì zuò zhōu, bù wèi hóngshuǐ mò. [Pinyin]

     The wise person creates an island that no flood can overwhelm through determined effort, not being heedless, discipline and self-mastery.

Synonyms

edit

• 大水 (dàshuǐ)
• 水患 (shuǐhuàn)
• 水災 / 水灾 (shuǐzāi)
• 洪澇 / 洪涝 (hónglào)
• 洪災 / 洪灾 (hóngzāi)
• 鴻水 / 鸿水 (hóngshuǐ) (literary)

Derived terms

• 大洪水 (dàhóngshuǐ)
• 洪水攻擊 / 洪水攻击 (hóngshuǐ gōngjī)
• 洪水期
• 洪水猛獸 / 洪水猛兽 (hóngshuǐměngshòu)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (洪水):

• → Japanese: 洪水(こうずい) (kōzui)
• → Korean: 홍수(洪水) (hongsu)
• → Vietnamese: hồng thuỷ (洪水)

See also

• 乾旱／干旱 (gānhàn)

References

• “洪水”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 [Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
洪	水
こう Grade: S	すい > ずい Grade: 1
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) こーずい [kòózúí] (Heiban – [0])
• (Tokyo) こーずい [kóꜜòzùì] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ko̞ːzɨi]

Noun

洪(こう)水(ずい) • (kōzui) 

1. flood

   現代(げんだい)は情報(じょうほう)の洪水(こうずい)だ。

   Gendai wa jōhō no kōzui da.

   The current time is the flood of information.

   • 2015 September 14, Kaori Shoji, “When disaster strikes in Japan, keep calm and carry a diaper”, in The Japan Times‎^[1] (in English), retrieved 11 April 2023:

     The Japanese disaster comes in many forms, and saigai include tensai (天災, literally, heaven-sent disasters — i.e., natural ones) like jishin (地震, earthquakes), kōzui (洪水, floods) and kaji (火事, fires).

Synonyms

• 大水(おおみず) (ōmizu)
• 氾濫(はんらん) (hanran)

See also

• 津(つ)波(なみ) (tsunami, “tsunami”)

References

• “洪水”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
洪	水

Noun

洪水 • (hongsu) (hangeul 홍수)

1. hanja form^? of 홍수 (“flood”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
洪	水

Noun

洪水

1. chữ Hán form of hồng thuỷ (“flood”)