百姓

Chinese

		hundred	surname; family name; name
trad. (百姓)		百	姓
simp. #(百姓)		百	姓
Literally: “hundred surnames ― see 百家姓”.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): bǎixìng, bóxìng

  (Zhuyin): ㄅㄞˇ ㄒㄧㄥˋ, ㄅㄛˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): baak³ sing³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pak-siang
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): peh-sèⁿ / peh-sìⁿ / peeh-sèⁿ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bêh⁴ sên²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bǎixìng
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄞˇ ㄒㄧㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bǎisìng
    • Wade–Giles: pai³-hsing⁴
    • Yale: bǎi-syìng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: baeshinq
    • Palladius: байсин (bajsin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bóxìng
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bósìng
    • Wade–Giles: po²-hsing⁴
    • Yale: bwó-syìng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: borshinq
    • Palladius: босин (bosin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: baak³ sing³
    • Yale: baak sing
    • Cantonese Pinyin: baak⁸ sing³
    • Guangdong Romanization: bag³ xing³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /paːk̚³ sɪŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pak-siang
    • Hakka Romanization System: bag` xiang
    • Hagfa Pinyim: bag⁵ xiang⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /pak̚² si̯aŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: peh-sèⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: peh-sènn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: pehsvex
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ sẽ²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: peh-sìⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: peh-sìnn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: pehsvix
    • IPA (Taipei): /pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sĩ¹¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /pe(ʔ)⁵ sĩ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sĩ²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: peeh-sèⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: peeh-sènn
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /pɛ(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sɛ̃²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bêh⁴ sên²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: peh séⁿ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /peʔ²⁻⁴ sẽ⁵²⁻²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: paek sjengH

Rime
Character	百	姓
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	陌 (113)	清 (121)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	III
Fanqie	博陌切	息正切
Baxter	paek	sjengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pˠæk̚/	/siᴇŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/pᵚak̚/	/siɛŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/pak̚/	/siæŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/paɨjk̚/	/siajŋH/
Li Rong	/pɐk̚/	/siɛŋH/
Wang Li	/pɐk̚/	/sĭɛŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/pɐk̚/	/si̯ɛŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bo	xìng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bak1	sing3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤrak  seŋ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*praːɡ  sleŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	百	姓
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bǎi	xìng
Middle Chinese	‹ pæk ›	‹ sjengH ›
Old Chinese	/*pˁrak/	/*seŋ-s/
English	hundred	surname
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	百	姓
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	194	11359
Phonetic component	白	生
Rime group	鐸	耕
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	伯	性
Old Chinese	/*praːɡ/	/*sleŋs/

Noun

(deprecated template usage) 百姓

1. the common people; the masses; ordinary citizens

   愚昧百姓  ―  yúmèi bǎixìng  ―  to keep the common people in the dark

   • 奴才替天下百姓感激皇太后恩典！ [MSC, trad. and simp.]

     From: The Firmament of the Pleiades

     Núcái tì tiānxià bǎixìng gǎnjī huángtàihòu ēndiǎn! [Pinyin]

     I, on behalf of the people throughout the world, [hereby] express my gratitude for the kindness of the empress dowager!

2. (Classical) all kinds of government officials

   • 九族既睦，平章百姓。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]

     From: 《書•堯典》

     Jiǔzú jì mù, píngzhāng bǎixìng. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

• (common people):

(deprecated template usage)

• 一般人 (yībānrén)
• 世人 (shìrén)
• 世間人／世间人 (Hokkien)
• 人士 (rénshì) (literary)
• 人民 (rénmín)
• 人群 (rénqún)
• 人萌 (rénméng) (literary)
• 俗人 (súrén)
• 俗子 (súzǐ) (literary)
• 𫣆人 (Hakka)
• 兆民 (zhàomín) (archaic)
• 公眾／公众 (gōngzhòng)
• 凡人 (fánrén)
• 凡夫 (fánfū) (literary)
• 匹夫 (pǐfū) (literary)
• 四眾人／四众人 (si³ zing³ nang⁵) (Teochew)
• 士人 (shìrén) (archaic)
• 大眾／大众 (dàzhòng)
• 子民 (zǐmín) (historical)
• 家人 (jiārén) (archaic)
• 布衣 (bùyī) (historical)
• 常人 (chángrén)
• 平人 (píngrén) (literary)
• 平常人 (píngchángrén)
• 平民 (píngmín)
• 庶人 (shùrén) (literary)
• 庶民 (shùmín) (literary)
• 斯人 (sīrén) (Classical Chinese)
• 普通人 (pǔtōngrén)
• 民人 (mínrén) (literary)
• 民眾／民众 (mínzhòng)
• 烝民 (zhēngmín) (literary)
• 白衣 (báiyī) (historical)
• 白衣人 (báiyīrén) (historical)
• 白身 (báishēn) (archaic)
• 白身人 (báishēnrén) (archaic)
• 眾人／众人 (zhòngrén) (literary)
• 萬姓／万姓 (wànxìng) (archaic)
• 群眾／群众 (qúnzhòng)
• 老百姓 (lǎobǎixìng)
• 良人 (liángrén) (literary)
• 草民 (cǎomín) (the worthless ordinary people)
• 草菅 (cǎojiān) (Classical Chinese, figurative)
• 草野 (cǎoyě) (literary, figurative)
• 萌 (literary)
• 野人 (yěrén) (archaic)
• 黎庶 (líshù) (literary)
• 黎民 (límín) (literary)
• 黎首 (líshǒu) (archaic)
• 黔首 (qiánshǒu) (archaic)

 

• (all kinds of government officials): (literary) 百官 (bǎiguān), (literary) 眾官／众官 (zhòngguān)

Derived terms

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
百	姓
ひゃく Grade: 1	しょう Grade: S
on'yomi

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle Chinese compound 百姓 (paek sjeng^H, literally “hundred clans”). Compare modern (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Hakka 百姓 (pak-siang).

The goon reading, so likely an earlier borrowing.

Noun

百(ひゃく)姓(しょう) • (hyakushō) ^{←ひやくしやう (fyakusyau)?}

1. (dated) commoners, the common people; the masses; ordinary citizens
2. (derogatory) a farmer; a peasant; the peasantry in general
3. in reference to the Edo period, short for 本百姓 (honbyakushō, “the hundred commoner families”, a class of farmers with specific rights and responsibilities)
4. (derogatory) country bumpkin

Synonyms

• (commoner): 公民(こうみん) (kōmin)
• (the people): 大御宝(おおみたから) (ōmitakara)
• (ordinary citizens): 人民(じんみん) (jinmin)
• (peasant): 農民(のうみん) (nōmin)
• (bumpkin): 田舎者(いなかもの) (inakamono)

Idioms

Idioms

• 百姓(ひゃくしょう)と楽(たの)しみを同(おな)じゅうす (hyakushō to tanoshimi o onajūsu): “taking one's pleasure the same as a commoner” → a lord must know the joys and pains of the people
• 百姓(ひゃくしょう)と油(あぶら)は絞(しぼ)るほど出(で)る (hyakushō to abura wa shiboru hodo deru): “commoners and oil [sources] give more the harder you squeeze” → the more you demand of the people, the more you get. Compare blood from a stone of roughly opposite meaning.
• 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の泣(な)き言(ご)と医者(といしゃ)の手柄話(てがらばなし) (hyakushō no nakigoto to isha no tegarabanashi): “the complaints of the peasants and the boasting of the doctors” → a contrast between peasants complaining of poor harvests in a bid to reduce their tax liabilities, against the feats of doctors who will do their utmost to treat even a terminal patient: by extension, an exhortation to put in 101% without grumbling about it
• 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の去年物語(こぞものがたり) (hyakushō no kozo monogatari): “a peasant's tale of last year” → alluding to how peasants would often claim that last year's harvest was better than this year, in a bid to reduce their tax liabilities
• 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の作(つく)り倒(だお)れ (hyakushō no tsukuridaore): “a peasant's manufactured collapse” → describing how peasants working too hard can result in too much produce on the market, causing a price collapse and sizable losses: to be one's own undoing, to defeat oneself by working too hard
• 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の秋大名(あきだいみょう) (hyakushō no aki daimyō): “a peasant's autumn lord” → a metaphor for how the autumn season following the harvest is a time of bounty for commoners
• 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の所務分(しょむわ)けで田分(たわ)け尽(つ)くす (hyakushō no shomuwake de tawake tsukusu): “splitting up a commoner's inheritance amounts to a parceling out of fields / to complete nonsense” → a pun on the reading tawake for both 田分け (“splitting up fields”) and 戯け (“nonsense”), based on how dividing up fields for every generation's inheritance ultimately leads to very small plots and inefficient farming
• 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の人(ひと)を斬(き)ったよう (hyakushō no hito o kitta yō): “like cutting a commoner” → a big commotion
• 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の雁(がん)を押(お)さえたよう (hyakushō no gan o osaeta yō): “like holding down a commoner's goose” → a big commotion
• 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の息(いき)が天(てん)に昇(のぼ)る (hyakushō no iki ga ten ni noboru): “a commoner's breath [i.e. spirit] can reach heaven” → where there's a will, there's a way, no matter how weak
• 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の不作話(ふさくばなし)と商人(あきんど)の損話(そんばなし) (hyakushō no fusakubanashi to akindo no sonbanashi): “peasants' talk of poor harvests and merchants' talk of business losses” → farmers and businessmen always grumble about how things aren't going well
• 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の万能(ばんのう) (hyakushō no bannō): “a commoner's all-around abilities” → alluding to how a peasant (now farmer) had to be self-reliant and a jack-of-all-trades
• 百姓百色 (ひゃくしょう ひゃく いろ): “a hundred commoners, a hundred colors” → the word "commoners" might be a collective noun, but the people included in that category are various and sundry

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 百姓一揆(ひゃくしょういっき) (hyakushō ikki): a peasants' revolt or uprising
• 百姓請け, 百姓請(ひゃくしょううけ) (hyakushō uke): a kind of tax system in the medieval period, whereby local influential families would undertake local tax administration on behalf of the lord
• 百姓往来(ひゃくしょうおうらい) (hyakushō ōrai): educational materials for commoners' children
• 百姓仕事(ひゃくしょうしごと) (hyakushō shigoto): commoners' work, farm work
• 百姓代(ひゃくしょうだい) (hyakushō dai): during the Edo period, the administrative head, advocate, and representative of a village's commoners
• 百姓分(ひゃくしょうぶん) (hyakushō bun): the commoner class, the peasant or agricultural caste
• 百姓家, 百姓屋(ひゃくしょうや) (hyakushō ya): a commoner's house, a farmhouse
• 百姓読み, 百姓読(ひゃくしょうよみ) (hyakushō yomi): reading kanji in one's own way, guessing the reading and/or meaning for each character based on its shape or component elements

Verb

百(ひゃく)姓(しょう)する • (hyakushō suru) ^{←ひやくしやう (fyakusyau)?}suru (stem 百(ひゃく)姓(しょう)し (hyakushō shi), past 百(ひゃく)姓(しょう)した (hyakushō shita))

1. to farm, to till the fields

Conjugation

Conjugation of "百姓する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	百姓し	ひゃくしょうし	hyakushō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	百姓し	ひゃくしょうし	hyakushō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	百姓する	ひゃくしょうする	hyakushō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	百姓する	ひゃくしょうする	hyakushō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	百姓すれ	ひゃくしょうすれ	hyakushō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	百姓せよ¹ 百姓しろ²	ひゃくしょうせよ¹ ひゃくしょうしろ²	hyakushō seyo¹ hyakushō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	百姓される	ひゃくしょうされる	hyakushō sareru
Causative	百姓させる 百姓さす	ひゃくしょうさせる ひゃくしょうさす	hyakushō saseru hyakushō sasu
Potential	百姓できる	ひゃくしょうできる	hyakushō dekiru
Volitional	百姓しよう	ひゃくしょうしよう	hyakushō shiyō
Negative	百姓しない	ひゃくしょうしない	hyakushō shinai
Negative continuative	百姓せず	ひゃくしょうせず	hyakushō sezu
Formal	百姓します	ひゃくしょうします	hyakushō shimasu
Perfective	百姓した	ひゃくしょうした	hyakushō shita
Conjunctive	百姓して	ひゃくしょうして	hyakushō shite
Hypothetical conditional	百姓すれば	ひゃくしょうすれば	hyakushō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
百	姓
はく Grade: 1	せい Grade: S
on'yomi

[[漢音#Japanese|Kan'on]] reading of both characters, influenced by later borrowing from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle Chinese.

Noun

百(はく)姓(せい) • (hakusei) 

1. (rare) See under Etymology 1

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
百	姓
ひゃく Grade: 1	せい Grade: S
on'yomi

[[漢音#Japanese|Kan'on]] reading of the second character, influenced by later borrowing from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle Chinese.

Noun

百(ひゃく)姓(せい) • (hyakusei) ^{←ひやくせい (fyakusei)?}

1. (rare) See under Etymology 1

Etymology 4

Non-palatalized variant of hyakushō reading, commonly found in writings from the Heian period through the Muromachi period.

Noun

百姓(ひゃくそう) • (hyakusō) ^{←ひやくさう (fyakusau)?}

1. (obsolete) See under Etymology 1

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Korean

Hanja in this term
百	姓

Noun

百姓 • (baekseong) (hangeul 백성)

1. Hanja form^? of 백성 (“The populace; the common people”).

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Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
百	姓

Noun

百姓

1. chữ Hán form of bá tánh (“the commoners; the common folk; the citizens”).