禍

See also: 祸

Translingual

Han character

禍 (Kangxi radical 113, 示+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 戈火月月口 (IFBBR), four-corner 3722₇, composition ⿰礻咼)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 844, character 31
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24766
• Dae Jaweon: page 1265, character 19
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2402, character 4
• Unihan data for U+798D

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Chinese

trad.		禍
simp.		祸
alternative forms		旤

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 禍
Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (冎) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
碢	*l'oːl
腡	*ɡ·roːl, *kʷroːl
過	*kloːl, *kloːls
渦	*kloːl, *qloːl
鍋	*kloːl
楇	*kloːl, *ɡloːls
瘑	*kloːl
緺	*koːl, *kroːl, *kʷroːl
堝	*kloːl
濄	*kloːl, *qloːl
鐹	*kloːlʔ, *kloːls
薖	*kʰloːl
簻	*kʰloːl, *kr'oːl
禍	*ɡloːlʔ
窩	*qloːl
萵	*qloːl
檛	*kr'oːl
膼	*kr'oːl
蝸	*kroːl, *kʷroːl
媧	*kroːl, *kʷroːl
騧	*kroːl, *kʷroːl
冎	*kroːlʔ
剮	*kroːlʔ
諣	*qʰroːls, *qʰʷroːls
歄	*kʷroːl
咼	*kʰʷroːl
喎	*kʰʷroːl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡloːlʔ) : semantic 示 (“sacrifice”) + phonetic 咼 (OC *kʰʷroːl).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): huò (huo⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄛˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): wo⁶ / wo⁵
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fo
• Northern Min (KCR): huā
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hǒ͘ / hō / ě / ē

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hua⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: huò
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄛˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: huò
    • Wade–Giles: huo⁴
    • Yale: hwò
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huoh
    • Palladius: хо (xo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ɔ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: wo⁶ / wo⁵
    • Yale: woh / wóh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: wo⁶ / wo⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: wo⁶ / wo⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɔː²²/, /wɔː¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fo
    • Hakka Romanization System: fo
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fo⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /fo⁵⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huā
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xua⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǒ͘
    • Tâi-lô: hǒo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ²²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō
    • Tâi-lô: hō
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoi
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ho²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ho³³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ě
    • Tâi-lô: ě
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /e²²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ē
    • Tâi-lô: ē
    • Phofsit Daibuun: e
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /e³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /e²²/

Note:

• hǒ͘/hō - literary;
• ě/ē - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: hua⁶
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huă
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hua³⁵/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 禍
Mandarin	Beijing	/xuo⁵¹/
	Harbin	/xuo⁵³/
	Tianjin	/xuo⁵³/
	Jinan	/xuə²¹/
	Qingdao	/xuə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/xuo³¹²/
	Xi'an	/xuo⁴⁴/
	Xining	/xu²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/xuə¹³/
	Lanzhou	/xuə¹³/
	Ürümqi	/xuɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/xuo³⁵/
	Chengdu	/xo¹³/
	Guiyang	/xo²¹³/
	Kunming	/xo²¹²/
	Nanjing	/xo⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/xʊ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xuɤ⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/xuə³⁵/
	Hohhot	/xuɤ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦu²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦəu³¹/
	Hangzhou	/ɦo¹³/
	Wenzhou	/vu³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/xo²²/
	Tunxi	/xo²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/xo⁵⁵/ /xo¹¹/
	Xiangtan	/ɦo²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/fo²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/fo⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/fo⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/wɔ²²/
	Nanning	/wɔ²²/
	Hong Kong	/wɔ²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/ho²²/ /e²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/huɔ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xua⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hua³⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ho³³/ /hua³³/

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• Middle Chinese: hwaX

Rime
Character	禍
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡果切
Baxter	hwaX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦuɑX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦuɑX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuɑX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwaX/
Li Rong	/ɣuɑX/
Wang Li	/ɣuɑX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣuɑX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wo6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ʷˤajʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloːlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	禍
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huò
Middle Chinese	‹ hwaX ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ʷˁajʔ/
English	calamity
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	禍
Reading #	1/1
No.	4375
Phonetic component	冎
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	禍
Old Chinese	/*ɡloːlʔ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 禍

1. disaster; misfortune; calamity

   • 禍兮福之所倚，福兮禍之所伏 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     祸兮福之所倚，福兮祸之所伏 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Tao Te Ching, 4^th century BCE

     huò xī fú zhī suǒ yǐ, fú xī huò zhī suǒ fú [Pinyin]

     Misery! - happiness is to be found by its side! Happiness! - misery lurks beneath it!

2. to bring disaster upon

Synonyms

• (disaster):

(deprecated template usage)

• 亂兒／乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
• 人禍／人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
• 劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
• 劫煞 (Hokkien)
• 劫難／劫难 (jiénàn)
• 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
• 大禍／大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
• 大難／大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
• 天災／天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
• 央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
• 奇禍／奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
• 巨禍／巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
• 患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
• 慘事／惨事 (cǎnshì)
• 慘劇／惨剧 (cǎnjù)
• 慘禍／惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
• 沙𧐔 (sua¹ sab⁴) (Teochew)
• 浩劫 (hàojié)
• 災／灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
• 災劫／灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
• 災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
• 災害／灾害 (zāihài)
• 災殃／灾殃 (zāiyāng)
• 災禍／灾祸 (zāihuò)
• 災變／灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
• 災難／灾难 (zāinàn)
• 癰疽／痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
• 眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
• 禍事／祸事 (huòshì)
• 禍害／祸害 (huòhài)
• 禍息／祸息 (ho⁵ si⁶) (Xiang)
• 禍患／祸患 (huòhuàn)
• 禍殃／祸殃 (huòyāng)

 

• (to bring disaster upon):

(deprecated template usage)

• 傷害／伤害 (shānghài)
• 危及 (wēijí)
• 危害 (wēihài)
• 妨害 (fánghài)
• 戕害 (qiānghài) (literary)
• 戕賊／戕贼 (literary)
• 損／损 (sǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
• 損傷／损伤 (sǔnshāng)
• 損害／损害 (sǔnhài)
• 暴害 (bàohài) (literary)
• 有傷／有伤 (yǒushāng) (chiefly used in derived terms)
• 禍害／祸害 (huòhài)

 

Antonyms

• (disaster): (literary, or in compounds) 福 (fú)

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Japanese

Kanji

禍

(common “Jōyō” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 禍)

1. Calamity

Readings

• Go-on: が (ga)^{←ぐわ (gwa, historical)}; わ (wa)
• Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kun: わざわい (wazawai, 禍い)^{←わざはひ (wazafafi, 禍ひ, historical)}

Noun

禍(わざわい) • (wazawai) 

1. Alternative form of 災い

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Korean

Hanja

禍 • (hwa) (hangeul 화, revised hwa, McCune–Reischauer hwa, Yale hwa)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 禍 (hoạ, vạ)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.