雷同

Chinese

		thunder	like; same; similar like; same; similar; together; alike; with
trad. (雷同)		雷	同
simp. #(雷同)		雷	同

Etymology

The Eastern Han Confucian scholar Zheng Xuan (鄭玄), in his annotations to the Book of Rites (《禮記》), derived the meaning as "to echo each other [同 (OC *doːŋ)] in the manner of thunder [雷 (OC *ruːl)]", writing that "when a thunderclap strikes, all things resonate (with it) simultaneously" (「雷之發聲，物無不同時應者。」). The original text so commented upon, referring to the proper etiquette when receiving a lecture from an elder, reads

長者不及，毋儳言。正爾容，聽必恭。毋勦說，毋雷同。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

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长者不及，毋儳言。正尔容，听必恭。毋剿说，毋雷同。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Zhǎngzhě bùjí, wú chányán. Zhèng ěr róng, tīng bì gōng. Wú jiǎoshuō, wú léitóng. [Pinyin]

If there be any subject on which the elder has not touched, let him not introduce it irregularly. Let him keep his deportment correct, and listen respectfully. Let him not appropriate (to himself) the words (of others), nor (repeat them) as (the echo does the) thunder.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): léitóng

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄟˊ ㄊㄨㄥˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): leoi⁴ tung⁴
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lûi-tông

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: léitóng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄟˊ ㄊㄨㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: léitóng
    • Wade–Giles: lei²-tʻung²
    • Yale: léi-túng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leitorng
    • Palladius: лэйтун (lɛjtun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /leɪ̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: leoi⁴ tung⁴
    • Yale: lèuih tùhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: loey⁴ tung⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: lêu⁴ tung⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɵy̯²¹ tʰʊŋ²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lûi-tông
    • Tâi-lô: luî-tông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lui'doong
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lui¹³⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /lui²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: lwoj duwng

Rime
Character	雷	同
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	灰 (42)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	魯回切	徒紅切
Baxter	lwoj	duwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/luʌi/	/duŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/luoi/	/duŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/luɒi/	/duŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lwəj/	/dəwŋ/
Li Rong	/luᴀi/	/duŋ/
Wang Li	/luɒi/	/duŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/luɑ̆i/	/dʱuŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	léi	tóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	leoi4	tung4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.rˤuj  lˤoŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ruːl  doːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	雷	同
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	léi	tóng
Middle Chinese	‹ lwoj ›	‹ duwng ›
Old Chinese	/*C.rˁuj/	/*lˁoŋ/
English	thunder	together, join
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	雷	同
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	7707	12446
Phonetic component	畾	同
Rime group	微	東
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	雷	同
Old Chinese	/*ruːl/	/*doːŋ/
Notes		甲金文象有節筒管與口協合， 如此方能音律諧和， 爲筒（簫）初文

Verb

雷同

(set phrase)

1. to be identical (when that should not be the case); to mirror each other; to resemble

   如有雷同，純屬巧合。 [MSC, trad.]
   如有雷同，纯属巧合。 [MSC, simp.]

   Rú yǒu léitóng, chúnshǔ qiǎohé. [Pinyin]

   Any resemblance to actual individuals or events is purely coincidental.

2. to echo what others say; to parrot