曷

Translingual

Han character

曷 (Kangxi radical 73, 曰+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 日心女人 (APVO), four-corner 6072₇, composition ⿱曰匃)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 502, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14290
• Dae Jaweon: page 874, character 15
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1502, character 10
• Unihan data for U+66F7

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Chinese

trad.		曷
simp. #		曷

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 曷
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (曷) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
愒	*kʰaːds, *kʰrads, *kʰrad
馤	*qaːds
靄	*qaːds, *qaːd
餲	*qraːds, *qrads, *ɡaːd, *qaːd
喝	*qraːds, *qʰoːb, *qʰaːd
揭	*kʰrads, *ked, *kʰrad, *ɡrad, *kad, *ɡad
偈	*ɡrads, *ɡrad
猲	*kʰob, *qʰaːd, *qʰad
葛	*kaːd
輵	*kaːd
獦	*klaːd, *rab
渴	*kʰaːd, *ɡrad
嵑	*kʰaːd
暍	*qʰaːd, *qad
曷	*ɡaːd
褐	*ɡaːd
鶡	*ɡaːd
毼	*ɡaːd
蝎	*ɡaːd
鞨	*ɡaːd, *ɢljad
遏	*qaːd
齃	*qaːd
堨	*qaːd
擖	*kʰreːd, *kraːd, *r'aːb
楬	*kʰraːd, *ɡrad, *ɡad
朅	*kʰrad
藒	*kʰrad
竭	*ɡrad, *ɡad
碣	*ɡrad, *ɡad
羯	*kad
鍻	*kad
歇	*qʰad
蠍	*qʰad
謁	*qad

Etymology

Cognate with 何 (OC *ɡaːl, “what; where; why; how”). See there for more.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hé (he²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hot³ / hot⁶
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): a̍h

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hé
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hé
    • Wade–Giles: ho²
    • Yale: hé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her
    • Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hot³ / hot⁶
    • Yale: hot / hoht
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hot⁸ / hot⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hod³ / hod⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːt̚³/, /hɔːt̚²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: a̍h
    • Tâi-lô: a̍h
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ah
    • IPA (Xiamen): /aʔ⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /aʔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /aʔ¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /aʔ⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /aʔ⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: hat

Rime
Character	曷
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	曷 (63)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡葛切
Baxter	hat
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦat̚/
Li Rong	/ɣɑt̚/
Wang Li	/ɣɑt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣɑt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hé
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hot6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤat/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːd/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	曷
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ hat ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁat/
English	what
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	曷
Reading #	1/1
No.	5030
Phonetic component	曷
Rime group	月
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	曷
Old Chinese	/*ɡaːd/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 曷

1. ^† why, what, where, when

   時日曷喪，予及汝皆亡。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
   时日曷丧，予及汝皆亡。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

   From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE

   Shí rì hé sàng, yǔ jí rǔ jiē wáng. [Pinyin]

   When [will] this sun die? I [shall] die with you.

   汝曷弗告朕，而胥動以浮言，恐沈于眾？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
   汝曷弗告朕，而胥动以浮言，恐沈于众？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

   From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE

   Rǔ hé fú gào zhèn, ér xū dòng yǐ fúyán, kǒng shěn yú zhòng? [Pinyin]

   Why do you not report (their words) to me, but go about to excite one another by empty speeches, frightening and involving the multitudes in misery?

   苟不學，曷為人。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
   苟不学，曷为人。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

   From: Three Character Classic, circa 13^th century CE

   Gǒu bù xué, hé wéi rén. [Pinyin]

   If [foolishly] you do not study, how can you become men?

References

• “曷”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• “Query for 曷”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

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Japanese

Kanji

曷

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• On (unclassified): かつ (katsu)
• Kun: なに (nani), なんぞ (nanzo), いずくんそ (izukunso)

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Korean

Hanja

曷 • (gal) (hangeul 갈, revised gal, McCune–Reischauer kal, Yale kal)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 曷 (hạt, hột)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.