靉靆

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See also: 曖曃

Chinese

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cloudy; shady
trad. (靉靆) 靉 靆
simp. (叆叇) 叆 叇

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 靉 靆
Reading # 2/2 1/1
Initial (聲) 影 (34) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 咍 (41) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) I I
Fanqie 烏代切 徒耐切
Baxter 'ojH dojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔʌiH/ /dʌiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔəiH/ /dəiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔɒiH/ /dɒiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔəjH/ /dəjH/
Li
Rong 		/ʔᴀiH/ /dᴀiH/
Wang
Li 		/ɒiH/ /dɒiH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʔɑ̆iH/ /dʱɑ̆iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		ài dài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		oi3 doi6
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 靉 靆
Reading # 1/2 1/1
No. 4 7956
Phonetic
component 		愛 隶
Rime
group 		隊 隊
Rime
subdivision 		1 1
Corresponding
MC rime 		愛 代
Old
Chinese 		/*qɯːds/ /*l'ɯːds/
Notes 見楚辭遠遊

Etymology 1

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Native reduplicative ideophone.

Adjective

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靉靆

  1. (literary, ideophonic, of clouds) thick
  2. (literary, ideophonic, of the sky) gloomy; dark; cloudy
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Phono-semantic matching of a word from an unidentified foreign language (pronounced ai-dai, ai-na, etc.), since the 15th century CE (Chiu, 1936). Frequently cited etymons are Arabic عُوَيْنات (ʕuwaynāt), الْعُوَيْنات (al-ʕuwaynāt, “spectacles”, literally “little eyes”) and Persian عینک ('eynak, “spectacles”), both derived from Arabic عَيْن (ʕayn, “eye”) (Chiu, 1936; Needham, 1962: 118–121; Hong, 1994; Chiu, 2015).

Semantically, the sense “eyeglasses” was associated with Etymology 1, the interpretation being that eyeglasses are what cover the eyes to allow one to see more clearly, akin to the way clouds cover the sky, according to Liuqing rizha (《留青日札》, 1573 CE) by Ming-dynasty scholar Tian Yiheng.

Noun

[edit]

靉靆

  1. (literary, obsolete) eyeglasses; spectacles
    alt. forms: 僾逮／𫣊逮, 矮納／矮纳
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 眼鏡 (“eyeglasses”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 靉靆, 眼鏡
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 眼鏡
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 眼鏡兒, 眼鏡子
Taiwan 眼鏡
Chengde 眼鏡兒
Chifeng 眼鏡兒, 鏡子
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 眼鏡
Heihe 眼鏡兒
Qiqihar 眼鏡, 鏡子
Harbin 眼鏡兒, 鏡子
Jiamusi 眼鏡兒, 鏡子
Baicheng 眼鏡兒
Changchun 眼鏡兒
Tonghua 眼鏡兒
Shenyang 眼鏡兒, 鏡子
Jinzhou 眼鏡兒, 鏡子
Malaysia 眼鏡
Singapore 眼鏡
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 眼鏡兒
Tangshan 眼鏡兒, 眼鏡子
Cangzhou 眼鏡兒
Baoding 眼鏡兒
Shijiazhuang 眼鏡兒
Lijin 眼鏡, 鏡子
Jinan 眼鏡子, 鏡子
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 眼鏡兒
Dandong 眼鏡兒
Yantai 眼鏡
Yantai (Muping) 眼鏡
Qingdao 眼鏡
Zhucheng 眼鏡
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 眼鏡兒, 二餅兒 derogatory
Lingbao 眼鏡
Jining 眼鏡
Wanrong 眼鏡, 鏡子 dated, 二柄子 derogatory
Linfen 眼鏡兒
Shangqiu 眼鏡兒
Yuanyang 眼鏡
Zhengzhou 眼鏡
Xinyang 眼鏡兒
Baihe 眼鏡, 眼鏡子
Xi'an 眼鏡, 眼鏡兒
Baoji 眼鏡
Tianshui 眼鏡
Xining 眼鏡兒, 眼鏡子, 眼鏡兒子
Xuzhou 眼鏡, 二餅 humorous
Fuyang 眼鏡, 鏡子
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 眼鏡子
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 眼鏡, 眼鏡兒
Lanzhou 眼鏡兒, 眼鏡子, 鏡子, 二軲轆 humorous
Dunhuang 眼鏡子
Hami 眼鏡
Ürümqi 眼鏡子, 鏡子
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 眼鏡兒, 眼鏡
Nanchong 眼鏡兒
Dazhou 眼鏡兒, 鏡子
Hanyuan 眼鏡, 眼鏡子
Xichang 眼鏡
Zigong 眼鏡兒
Chongqing 眼鏡兒
Wuhan 眼鏡, 鏡子 dated, 玻璃 humorous
Yichang 眼鏡
Xiangyang 眼鏡, 鏡子
Tianmen 眼鏡
Guiyang 眼鏡
Zunyi 眼鏡
Bijie 眼鏡
Liping 眼鏡
Zhaotong 眼鏡
Dali 眼鏡
Kunming 眼鏡
Mengzi 眼鏡
Guilin 眼鏡
Liuzhou 眼鏡
Jishou 眼鏡
Changde 眼鏡
Hanzhong 眼鏡子
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 眼鏡, 二餅 humorous
Yangzhou 眼鏡子
Lianyungang 眼鏡
Lianshui 眼鏡子
Nantong 眼鏡
Anqing 眼鏡, 眼睛罩 dated
Wuhu 眼鏡子
Hefei 眼鏡子
Huanggang 眼鏡兒
Hong'an 眼鏡, 鏡子
Cantonese Guangzhou 眼鏡, 眼枷
Hong Kong 眼鏡
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 眼鏡
Macau 眼鏡
Guangzhou (Panyu) 眼鏡
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 眼鏡
Guangzhou (Conghua) 眼鏡
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 眼鏡
Foshan 眼鏡
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 眼鏡
Foshan (Shunde) 眼鏡
Foshan (Sanshui) 眼鏡
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 眼鏡
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 眼鏡
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 眼鏡
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 眼鏡
Zhuhai (Doumen) 眼鏡
Jiangmen (Baisha) 眼鏡
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 眼鏡
Taishan 眼鏡
Kaiping (Chikan) 眼鏡
Enping (Niujiang) 眼鏡
Heshan (Yayao) 眼鏡
Dongguan 眼鏡, 二文錢 dated
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 眼鏡
Qingyuan 眼鏡
Fogang 眼鏡
Yingde (Hanguang) 眼鏡
Yangshan 眼鏡
Lianshan (Butian) 眼鏡
Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) 眼鏡
Shaoguan 眼鏡
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 眼鏡
Renhua 眼鏡
Lechang 眼鏡
Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 眼鏡
Sihui 眼鏡
Guangning 眼鏡
Deqing 眼鏡
Huaiji 眼鏡
Fengkai (Nanfeng) 眼鏡
Yunfu 眼鏡
Xinxing 眼鏡
Luoding 眼鏡
Yunan (Pingtai) 眼鏡
Xinyi 眼鏡
Lianjiang 眼鏡
Nanning 眼鏡
Wuzhou 眼鏡
Yulin 眼鏡
Hepu (Lianzhou) 眼鏡
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 眼鏡
Singapore (Guangfu) 眼鏡
Gan Nanchang 眼鏡子
Lichuan 眼鏡
Pingxiang 眼鏡
Hakka Meixian 目鏡, 眼鏡
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 眼鏡
Dongguan (Qingxi) 眼鏡
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 眼鏡
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 眼鏡
Wuhua (Huacheng) 眼鏡
Wuhua (Changbu) 眼鏡
Wuhua (Mianyang) 眼鏡
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 眼鏡
Jiexi 目鏡
Luhe 目鏡
Changting 眼鏡
Longyan (Yongding) 眼鏡
Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding) 目鏡, 眼鏡
Longyan (Gaobei, Yongding) 眼鏡
Longyan (Hukeng, Yongding) 目鏡
Wuping (Zhongshan) 目鏡
Liancheng (Peitian) 眼鏡
Liancheng (Zhongbao) 眼鏡
Liancheng (Laiyuan) 目鏡
Yudu 眼鏡
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 目鏡
Miaoli (Zaoqiao; N. Sixian) 目鏡
Miaoli (Touwu; N. Sixian) 目鏡
Miaoli (Nanzhuang; N. Sixian) 目鏡
Miaoli (Shitan; N. Sixian) 目鏡
Miaoli (Sanwan; N. Sixian) 目鏡
Miaoli (Toufen; N. Sixian) 目鏡
Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) 目鏡
Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) 目鏡
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 眼鏡
Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) 目鏡
Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) 眼枷仔
Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) 眼枷仔
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 目鏡
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 目鏡
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 目鏡
Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) 目鏡
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 目鏡
Luchuan (Daqiao) 眼鏡
Sabah (Longchuan) 眼鏡
Kuching (Hepo) 目鏡
Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) 目鏡
Singkawang 目鏡
Bangkok (Meixian) 眼鏡
Bangkok (Fengshun) 目鏡
Huizhou Jixi 眼鏡
Shexian 眼鏡
Jin Taiyuan 眼鏡
Yangyuan 眼鏡兒, 鏡子
Datong 眼鏡兒
Xinzhou 眼鏡, 二餅子 derogatory
Lüliang (Lishi) 眼鏡兒
Changzhi 眼鏡兒
Linhe 眼鏡
Jining 眼鏡兒
Hohhot 眼鏡
Erenhot 眼鏡兒
Pingshan 眼鏡子, 鏡子
Zhangjiakou 眼鏡兒, 鏡子
Handan 眼鏡
Linzhou 眼鏡
Suide 眼鏡
Northern Min Jian'ou 眼鏡
Songxi 眼鏡
Jianyang 眼鏡
Eastern Min Fuzhou 眼鏡
Fuqing 眼鏡
Gutian 眼鏡
Ningde 眼鏡
Zhouning 眼鏡
Fuding 眼鏡
Youxi 眼鏡
Matsu 眼鏡
Southern Min Xiamen 目鏡
Quanzhou 目鏡
Jinjiang 目鏡
Yongchun 目鏡
Zhangzhou 目鏡
Zhao'an 目鏡
Taipei 目鏡
Taipei (Wanhua) 目鏡
New Taipei (Tamsui) 目鏡
New Taipei (Sanxia) 目鏡
New Taipei (Pingxi) 目鏡
Kaohsiung 目鏡
Kaohsiung (Cijin) 目鏡
Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) 目鏡
Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 目鏡
Kaohsiung (Tianliao) 目鏡
Yilan 目鏡
Yilan (Luodong) 目鏡
Yilan (Toucheng) 目鏡
Changhua (Lukang) 目鏡
Taichung 目鏡
Taichung (Wuqi) 目鏡
Tainan 目鏡
Tainan (Anping) 目鏡
Taitung 目鏡
Hsinchu 目鏡
Pingtung (Baoli, Checheng) 目鏡
Penghu (Magong) 目鏡
Penghu (Xiyu) 目鏡
Penang (Hokkien) 目鏡
Singapore (Hokkien) 目鏡
Manila (Hokkien) 目鏡
Longyan 目鏡
Zhangping (Yongfu) 目鏡
Datian 眼鏡
Pingnan (Shangdu) 眼鏡
Chaozhou 目鏡
Shantou 目鏡
Shantou (Chenghai) 目鏡
Shantou (Chaoyang) 目鏡
Jieyang 目鏡
Haifeng 目鏡
Phnom Penh (Teochew) 目鏡
Singapore (Teochew) 目鏡
Leizhou 目鏡
Wenchang 目鏡
Haikou 目鏡
Puxian Min Putian 目鏡
Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) 目鏡
Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) 目鏡
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 目鏡
Xianyou 目鏡
Xianyou (Fengting) 目鏡
Xianyou (Youyang) 目鏡
Central Min Yong'an 眼鏡, 目鏡
Sanming (Shaxian) 目鏡
Shaojiang Min Shaowu 眼鏡
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 眼鏡
Zhongshan (Sanxiang) 目鏡
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 眼鏡, 眼枷
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 眼鏡子
Waxiang Yuanling (Shaojiwan) 眼鏡
Wu Shanghai 眼鏡, 托力克
Shanghai (Chongming) 眼鏡
Suzhou 眼鏡
Danyang 眼鏡子
Hangzhou 眼鏡兒
Ningbo 蔡眼
Wenzhou 眼鏡, 眼視鏡
Jinhua 眼鏡
Xiang Changsha 眼鏡
Loudi 眼鏡
Quanzhou 眼鏡
Xiangnan Tuhua Jiangyong 眼鏡

Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (靉靆):
  • → Japanese: 靉靆(あいたい) (aitai)

Japanese

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Kanji in this term
靉 靆
あい
Hyōgai 		たい
Hyōgai
kan'on
Alternative spelling
靄靆

Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 靉靆 (MC 'ojH dojH).

The “eyeglasses” sense is a borrowing of Mandarin 靉靆／叆叇 (àidài).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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靉(あい)靆(たい) • (aitai) †-tari (adnominal 靉(あい)靆(たい)とした (aitai to shita) or 靉(あい)靆(たい)たる (aitai taru), adverbial 靉(あい)靆(たい)と (aitai to) or 靉(あい)靆(たい)として (aitai to shite))

  1. (of clouds) cloudy, dark
  2. (of feelings) dark, gloomy

Inflection

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Classical conjugation of "靉靆たり" (タリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 靉靆たら あいたいたら aitaitara
Continuative (連用形) 靉靆と[1]
靉靆たり[2]		 あいたいと
あいたいたり		 aitaito
aitaitari
Terminal (終止形) 靉靆たり あいたいたり aitaitari
Attributive (連体形) 靉靆たる あいたいたる aitaitaru
Realis (已然形) 靉靆たれ あいたいたれ aitaitare
Imperative (命令形) 靉靆たれ あいたいたれ aitaitare
Key constructions
Negative 靉靆たらず あいたいたらず aitaitarazu
Contrasting conjunction 靉靆たれど あいたいたれど aitaitaredo
Causal conjunction 靉靆たれば あいたいたれば aitaitareba
Conditional conjunction 靉靆たらば あいたいたらば aitaitaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 靉靆たりき あいたいたりき aitaitariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 靉靆たりけり あいたいたりけり aitaitarikeri
Adverbial 靉靆と あいたいと aitaito
[1]Without auxiliary verb.
[2]With auxiliary verb.

Noun

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靉(あい)靆(たい) • (aitai) 

  1. eyeglasses, spectacles
    Synonym: 眼鏡 (megane)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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