User:Sobreira/PIE verbs b-h

bʰebʰóydʰe (#bʰebʰóydʰe) bʰéreti (#bʰéreti) bʰéydʰeti (#bʰéydʰeti) bʰéydt (#bʰéydt) bʰinédti (#bʰinédti) bʰoréyeti (#bʰoréyeti) bʰúHt (#bʰúHt) dédeh₃ti (#dédeh₃ti) dedwóye (#dedwóye) déh₃t (#déh₃t) dḗyḱst (#dḗyḱst) déyḱti (#déyḱti) dʰédʰeh₁ti (#dʰédʰeh₁ti) dʰedʰórse (#dʰedʰórse) dʰedʰówgʰe (#dʰedʰówgʰe) dʰéh₁t (#dʰéh₁t) dʰéwgʰti (#dʰéwgʰti) ǵn̥h₃sḱéti (#ǵn̥h₃sḱéti) gʷegʷóme (#gʷegʷóme) gʷémt (#gʷémt) gʷʰédʰyeti (#gʷʰédʰyeti) gʷʰoréyeti (#gʷʰoréyeti) gʷíh₃weti (#gʷíh₃weti) gʷm̥sḱéti (#gʷm̥sḱéti) h₁édti (#h₁édti) h₁ḗdti (#h₁ḗdti) h₁ésti (#h₁ésti) h₁ludʰét (#h₁ludʰét) h₁regʷesyéti (#h₁regʷesyéti) h₁rudʰéh₁ti (#h₁rudʰéh₁ti) h₂éǵeti (#h₂éǵeti) h₂eh₂nóḱe (#h₂eh₂nóḱe) h₂eh₂ógʰe (#h₂eh₂ógʰe) h₂eh₂óyḱe (#h₂eh₂óyḱe) h₂életi (#h₂életi) h₂énh₁ti (#h₂énh₁ti) h₂éryeti (#h₂éryeti) h₂ḱh₂owsyéti (#h₂ḱh₂owsyéti) h₂lékseti (#h₂lékseti) h₂wḗh₁ti (#h₂wḗh₁ti) h₃méyǵʰeti (#h₃méyǵʰeti) h₃roǵéyeti (#h₃roǵéyeti) h₃yébʰeti (#h₃yébʰeti) Hréwpt (#Hréwpt) Hrunépti (#Hrunépti)

bʰebʰóydʰe

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (stative)

1. to be trusting, confident

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*bʰebʰóydʰe
3rd plural	*bʰebʰidʰḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*bʰebʰóydʰh₂e	—	*bʰebʰéydʰoh₂	*bʰebʰidʰyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*bʰebʰóydʰth₂e	*bʰebʰóydʰ, *bʰebʰidʰdʰí	*bʰebʰéydʰesi	*bʰebʰidʰyéh₁s
3rd singular	*bʰebʰóydʰe	*bʰebʰóydʰtu	*bʰebʰéydʰeti	*bʰebʰidʰyéh₁t
1st dual	*bʰebʰidʰwé	—	*bʰebʰéydʰowos	*bʰebʰidʰih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*bʰebʰidʰtóm	*bʰebʰéydʰetes	*bʰebʰidʰih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*bʰebʰidʰtā́m	*bʰebʰéydʰetes	*bʰebʰidʰih₁tā́m
1st plural	*bʰebʰidʰmé	—	*bʰebʰéydʰomos	*bʰebʰidʰih₁mé
2nd plural	*bʰebʰidʰé	*bʰebʰidʰté	*bʰebʰéydʰete	*bʰebʰidʰih₁té
3rd plural	*bʰebʰidʰḗr	*bʰebʰidʰéntu	*bʰebʰéydʰonti	*bʰebʰidʰih₁ént
Participle	*bʰebʰidʰwṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *baid
• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: πέποιθᾰ (pépoitha)

bʰéreti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematic root present of *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be carrying

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*bʰéreti
3rd plural	*bʰéronti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*bʰéroh₂	*bʰérom	—	*bʰérōh₂	*bʰéroyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*bʰéresi	*bʰéres	*bʰére	*bʰérēsi	*bʰéroys
3rd singular	*bʰéreti	*bʰéret	*bʰéretu	*bʰérēti	*bʰéroyt
1st dual	*bʰérowos	*bʰérowe	—	*bʰérōwos	*bʰéroywe
2nd dual	*bʰéretes	*bʰéretom	*bʰéretom	*bʰérētes	*bʰéroytom
3rd dual	*bʰéretes	*bʰéretām	*bʰéretām	*bʰérētes	*bʰéroytām
1st plural	*bʰéromos	*bʰérome	—	*bʰérōmos	*bʰéroyme
2nd plural	*bʰérete	*bʰérete	*bʰérete	*bʰérēte	*bʰéroyte
3rd plural	*bʰéronti	*bʰéront	*bʰérontu	*bʰérōnti	*bʰéroyh₁n̥t
Participle	*bʰéronts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*bʰéroh₂er	*bʰéroh₂e	—	*bʰérōh₂er	*bʰéroyh₂e
2nd singular	*bʰéreth₂er	*bʰéreth₂e	*bʰéreso	*bʰérēth₂er	*bʰéroyth₂e
3rd singular	*bʰéretor	*bʰéreto	*?	*bʰérētor	*bʰéroyto, *bʰéroyh₁o
1st dual	*bʰérowosdʰh₂	*bʰérowedʰh₂	—	*bʰérōwosdʰh₂	*bʰéroywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*bʰéromosdʰh₂	*bʰéromedʰh₂	—	*bʰérōmosdʰh₂	*bʰéroymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*bʰéredʰh₂we	*bʰéredʰh₂we	*bʰéredʰh₂we	*bʰérēdʰh₂we	*bʰéroydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*bʰéroror, *bʰérontor	*bʰéroro, *bʰéronto	*?	*bʰérōror, *bʰérōntor	*bʰéroyro, *bʰéroyh₁n̥to
Participle	*bʰéromnos

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *berja
  • Albanian: bie (“to bring”)
• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: բերեմ (berem)
    • Armenian: բերել (berel)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ber-
  • Latvian: bḕrt
  • Lithuanian: ber̃ti
  • Proto-Slavic: *bьrati (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *bereti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *beraną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérō (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárati (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *ferō (see there for further descendants)
• Messapic: beran (“Bring!”)
• Proto-Tocharian:
  • Tocharian A: pär-
  • Tocharian B: pär-

bʰéydʰeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematic root present of *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to trust

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*bʰéydʰeti
3rd plural	*bʰéydʰonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*bʰéydʰoh₂	*bʰéydʰom	—	*bʰéydʰōh₂	*bʰéydʰoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*bʰéydʰesi	*bʰéydʰes	*bʰéydʰe	*bʰéydʰēsi	*bʰéydʰoys
3rd singular	*bʰéydʰeti	*bʰéydʰet	*bʰéydʰetu	*bʰéydʰēti	*bʰéydʰoyt
1st dual	*bʰéydʰowos	*bʰéydʰowe	—	*bʰéydʰōwos	*bʰéydʰoywe
2nd dual	*bʰéydʰetes	*bʰéydʰetom	*bʰéydʰetom	*bʰéydʰētes	*bʰéydʰoytom
3rd dual	*bʰéydʰetes	*bʰéydʰetām	*bʰéydʰetām	*bʰéydʰētes	*bʰéydʰoytām
1st plural	*bʰéydʰomos	*bʰéydʰome	—	*bʰéydʰōmos	*bʰéydʰoyme
2nd plural	*bʰéydʰete	*bʰéydʰete	*bʰéydʰete	*bʰéydʰēte	*bʰéydʰoyte
3rd plural	*bʰéydʰonti	*bʰéydʰont	*bʰéydʰontu	*bʰéydʰōnti	*bʰéydʰoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*bʰéydʰonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*bʰéydʰoh₂er	*bʰéydʰoh₂e	—	*bʰéydʰōh₂er	*bʰéydʰoyh₂e
2nd singular	*bʰéydʰeth₂er	*bʰéydʰeth₂e	*bʰéydʰeso	*bʰéydʰēth₂er	*bʰéydʰoyth₂e
3rd singular	*bʰéydʰetor	*bʰéydʰeto	*?	*bʰéydʰētor	*bʰéydʰoyto, *bʰéydʰoyh₁o
1st dual	*bʰéydʰowosdʰh₂	*bʰéydʰowedʰh₂	—	*bʰéydʰōwosdʰh₂	*bʰéydʰoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*bʰéydʰomosdʰh₂	*bʰéydʰomedʰh₂	—	*bʰéydʰōmosdʰh₂	*bʰéydʰoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*bʰéydʰedʰh₂we	*bʰéydʰedʰh₂we	*bʰéydʰedʰh₂we	*bʰéydʰēdʰh₂we	*bʰéydʰoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*bʰéydʰoror, *bʰéydʰontor	*bʰéydʰoro, *bʰéydʰonto	*?	*bʰéydʰōror, *bʰéydʰōntor	*bʰéydʰoyro, *bʰéydʰoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*bʰéydʰomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *bīdaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *péitʰō (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *feiðō (see there for further descendants)

bʰéydt

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root aorist of *bʰeyd- (“to split”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)

1. to split

Inflection

Perfective, athematic
3rd singular	*bʰéydt
3rd plural	*bʰidént
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*bʰéydm̥	—	*bʰéydoh₂	*bʰidyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*bʰéyds	*bʰéyd, *bʰiddʰí	*bʰéydesi	*bʰidyéh₁s
3rd singular	*bʰéydt	*bʰéydtu	*bʰéydeti	*bʰidyéh₁t
1st dual	*bʰidwé	—	*bʰéydowos	*bʰidih₁wé
2nd dual	*bʰidtóm	*bʰidtóm	*bʰéydetes	*bʰidih₁tóm
3rd dual	*bʰidtā́m	*bʰidtā́m	*bʰéydetes	*bʰidih₁tā́m
1st plural	*bʰidmé	—	*bʰéydomos	*bʰidih₁mé
2nd plural	*bʰidté	*bʰidté	*bʰéydete	*bʰidih₁té
3rd plural	*bʰidént	*bʰidéntu	*bʰéydonti	*bʰidih₁ént
Participle	*bʰidónts
Middle voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*bʰidh₂é	—	*bʰéydoh₂er	*bʰidih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*bʰidth₂é	*bʰidsó	*bʰéydeth₂er	*bʰidih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*bʰidtó, *bʰidó	*?	*bʰéydetor	*bʰidih₁tó, *bʰidih₁ó
1st dual	*bʰidwédʰh₂	—	*bʰéydowosdʰh₂	*bʰidih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*bʰidmédʰh₂	—	*bʰéydomosdʰh₂	*bʰidih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*bʰiddʰh₂wé	*bʰiddʰh₂wé	*bʰéydedʰh₂we	*bʰidih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*bʰidró, *bʰidn̥tó	*?	*bʰéydoror, *bʰéydontor	*bʰidih₁ró, *bʰidih₁n̥tó
Participle	*bʰidm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *bītaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: φείδομαι (pheídomai, “to spare”)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hábʰayt
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hábʰayt
    • Sanskrit: अभेत् (ábhet), भेदति (bhédati)

bʰinédti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *bʰinédsti

Etymology

From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) +‎ *-né- (nasal infix).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be splitting

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*bʰinédti
3rd plural	*bʰindénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*bʰinédmi	*bʰinédm̥	—	*bʰinédoh₂	*bʰindyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*bʰinédsi	*bʰinéds	*bʰinéd, *bʰinddʰí	*bʰinédesi	*bʰindyéh₁s
3rd singular	*bʰinédti	*bʰinédt	*bʰinédtu	*bʰinédeti	*bʰindyéh₁t
1st dual	*bʰindwós	*bʰindwé	—	*bʰinédowos	*bʰindih₁wé
2nd dual	*bʰindtés	*bʰindtóm	*bʰindtóm	*bʰinédetes	*bʰindih₁tóm
3rd dual	*bʰindtés	*bʰindtā́m	*bʰindtā́m	*bʰinédetes	*bʰindih₁tā́m
1st plural	*bʰindmós	*bʰindmé	—	*bʰinédomos	*bʰindih₁mé
2nd plural	*bʰindté	*bʰindté	*bʰindté	*bʰinédete	*bʰindih₁té
3rd plural	*bʰindénti	*bʰindént	*bʰindéntu	*bʰinédonti	*bʰindih₁ént
Participle	*bʰindónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*bʰindh₂ér	*bʰindh₂é	—	*bʰinédoh₂er	*bʰindih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*bʰindth₂ér	*bʰindth₂é	*bʰindsó	*bʰinédeth₂er	*bʰindih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*bʰindtór, *bʰindór	*bʰindtó, *bʰindó	*?	*bʰinédetor	*bʰindih₁tó, *bʰindih₁ó
1st dual	*bʰindwósdʰh₂	*bʰindwédʰh₂	—	*bʰinédowosdʰh₂	*bʰindih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*bʰindmósdʰh₂	*bʰindmédʰh₂	—	*bʰinédomosdʰh₂	*bʰindih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*bʰinddʰh₂wé	*bʰinddʰh₂wé	*bʰinddʰh₂wé	*bʰinédedʰh₂we	*bʰindih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*bʰindrór, *bʰindn̥tór	*bʰindró, *bʰindn̥tó	*?	*bʰinédoror, *bʰinédontor	*bʰindih₁ró, *bʰindih₁n̥tó
Participle	*bʰindm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰinátˢti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *findō (see there for further descendants)

bʰoréyeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *bʰer- (“carry”) +‎ *-éyeti (iterative verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be carrying around
2. to cause to carry

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*bʰoréyeti
3rd plural	*bʰoréyonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*bʰoréyoh₂	*bʰoréyom	—	*bʰoréyōh₂	*bʰoréyoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*bʰoréyesi	*bʰoréyes	*bʰoréye	*bʰoréyēsi	*bʰoréyoys
3rd singular	*bʰoréyeti	*bʰoréyet	*bʰoréyetu	*bʰoréyēti	*bʰoréyoyt
1st dual	*bʰoréyowos	*bʰoréyowe	—	*bʰoréyōwos	*bʰoréyoywe
2nd dual	*bʰoréyetes	*bʰoréyetom	*bʰoréyetom	*bʰoréyētes	*bʰoréyoytom
3rd dual	*bʰoréyetes	*bʰoréyetām	*bʰoréyetām	*bʰoréyētes	*bʰoréyoytām
1st plural	*bʰoréyomos	*bʰoréyome	—	*bʰoréyōmos	*bʰoréyoyme
2nd plural	*bʰoréyete	*bʰoréyete	*bʰoréyete	*bʰoréyēte	*bʰoréyoyte
3rd plural	*bʰoréyonti	*bʰoréyont	*bʰoréyontu	*bʰoréyōnti	*bʰoréyoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*bʰoréyonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*bʰoréyoh₂er	*bʰoréyoh₂e	—	*bʰoréyōh₂er	*bʰoréyoyh₂e
2nd singular	*bʰoréyeth₂er	*bʰoréyeth₂e	*bʰoréyeso	*bʰoréyēth₂er	*bʰoréyoyth₂e
3rd singular	*bʰoréyetor	*bʰoréyeto	*?	*bʰoréyētor	*bʰoréyoyto, *bʰoréyoyh₁o
1st dual	*bʰoréyowosdʰh₂	*bʰoréyowedʰh₂	—	*bʰoréyōwosdʰh₂	*bʰoréyoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*bʰoréyomosdʰh₂	*bʰoréyomedʰh₂	—	*bʰoréyōmosdʰh₂	*bʰoréyoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*bʰoréyedʰh₂we	*bʰoréyedʰh₂we	*bʰoréyedʰh₂we	*bʰoréyēdʰh₂we	*bʰoréyoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*bʰoréyoror, *bʰoréyontor	*bʰoréyoro, *bʰoréyonto	*?	*bʰoréyōror, *bʰoréyōntor	*bʰoréyoyro, *bʰoréyoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*bʰoréyomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic: *pʰoréyō
  • Ancient Greek: φορέω (phoréō)
    • Greek: φορώ (foró)
    • → Coptic: ⲫⲟⲣⲉⲓ (phorei)
    • → English: phoro-
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāráyati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāráyati
    • Sanskrit: भारयति (bhāráyati)

bʰúHt

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root aorist of *bʰuH- (“to be, become, grow, appear”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)

1. to become

Inflection

Perfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*bʰúHt
3rd plural	*?ént
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*bʰúHm̥	—	*bʰúHoh₂	*?yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*bʰúHs	*bʰúH, *?dʰí	*bʰúHesi	*?yéh₁s
3rd singular	*bʰúHt	*bʰúHtu	*bʰúHeti	*?yéh₁t
1st dual	*?wé	—	*bʰúHowos	*?ih₁wé
2nd dual	*?tóm	*?tóm	*bʰúHetes	*?ih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?tā́m	*?tā́m	*bʰúHetes	*?ih₁tā́m
1st plural	*?mé	—	*bʰúHomos	*?ih₁mé
2nd plural	*?té	*?té	*bʰúHete	*?ih₁té
3rd plural	*?ént	*?éntu	*bʰúHonti	*?ih₁ént
Participle	*?ónts

Derived terms

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bū́ˀtei (suppletive) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *būaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HábʰuHt
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HábʰuHt
    • Sanskrit: अभूत् (ábhūt)
• Proto-Italic: *fūai (1sg.prf.act.ind of *ezom, *som)
  • Latin: fuī (1sg.prf.act.ind of sum) (see there for further descendants)
  • Latin: futūrus (fut.act.ptcp of sum) (see there for further descendants)

dédeh₃ti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic e-reduplicated present of *deh₃- (“to give”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be giving

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*dédeh₃ti
3rd plural	*dédh₃n̥ti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*dédeh₃mi	*dédeh₃m̥	—	*dédeh₃oh₂	*dédh₃yeh₁m̥
2nd singular	*dédeh₃si	*dédeh₃s	*dédeh₃, *dédh₃dʰi	*dédeh₃esi	*dédh₃yeh₁s
3rd singular	*dédeh₃ti	*dédeh₃t	*dédeh₃tu	*dédeh₃eti	*dédh₃yeh₁t
1st dual	*dédh₃wos	*dédh₃we	—	*dédeh₃owos	*dédh₃ih₁we
2nd dual	*dédh₃tes	*dédh₃tom	*dédh₃tom	*dédeh₃etes	*dédh₃ih₁tom
3rd dual	*dédh₃tes	*dédh₃tām	*dédh₃tām	*dédeh₃etes	*dédh₃ih₁tām
1st plural	*dédh₃mos	*dédh₃me	—	*dédeh₃omos	*dédh₃ih₁me
2nd plural	*dédh₃te	*dédh₃te	*dédh₃te	*dédeh₃ete	*dédh₃ih₁te
3rd plural	*dédh₃n̥ti	*dédh₃n̥t	*dédh₃n̥tu	*dédeh₃onti	*dédh₃ih₁n̥t
Participle	*dédh₃n̥ts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*dédh₃h₂er	*dédh₃h₂e	—	*dédeh₃oh₂er	*dédh₃ih₁h₂e
2nd singular	*dédh₃th₂er	*dédh₃th₂e	*dédh₃so	*dédeh₃eth₂er	*dédh₃ih₁th₂e
3rd singular	*dédh₃tor, *dédh₃or	*dédh₃to, *dédh₃o	*?	*dédeh₃etor	*dédh₃ih₁to, *dédh₃ih₁o
1st dual	*dédh₃wosdʰh₂	*dédh₃wedʰh₂	—	*dédeh₃owosdʰh₂	*dédh₃ih₁wedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*dédh₃mosdʰh₂	*dédh₃medʰh₂	—	*dédeh₃omosdʰh₂	*dédh₃ih₁medʰh₂
2nd plural	*dédh₃dʰh₂we	*dédh₃dʰh₂we	*dédh₃dʰh₂we	*dédeh₃edʰh₂we	*dédh₃ih₁dʰh₂we
3rd plural	*dédh₃ror, *dédh₃n̥tor	*dédh₃ro, *dédh₃n̥to	*?	*dédeh₃oror, *dédeh₃ontor	*dédh₃ih₁ro, *dédh₃ih₁n̥to
Participle	*dédh₃m̥h₁nos

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dṓˀtei (see there for further descendants)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: δίδωμι (dídōmi) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dádaHti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *didō (see there for further descendants)

dedwóye

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *dwey- (“to fear”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (stative)

1. to be afraid

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*dedwóye
3rd plural	*deduyḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*dedwóyh₂e	—	*dedwéyoh₂	*dedwiyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*dedwóyth₂e	*dedwóy, *dedwidʰí	*dedwéyesi	*dedwiyéh₁s
3rd singular	*dedwóye	*dedwóytu	*dedwéyeti	*dedwiyéh₁t
1st dual	*dedwiwé	—	*dedwéyowos	*deduyih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*dedwitóm	*dedwéyetes	*deduyih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*dedwitā́m	*dedwéyetes	*deduyih₁tā́m
1st plural	*dedwimé	—	*dedwéyomos	*deduyih₁mé
2nd plural	*deduyé	*dedwité	*dedwéyete	*deduyih₁té
3rd plural	*deduyḗr	*deduyéntu	*dedwéyonti	*deduyih₁ént
Participle	*dedwiwṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Anatolian:
  • Luwian: 𔕰𔓱 (kwa/i-ya- /⁠kuwaya-⁠/)
• Proto-Hellenic: *dédoika (rebuilt as k-aorist)
  • Ancient Greek: δέδοικα (dédoika), δείδω (deídō)
• Proto-Tocharian:
  • Tocharian A: wiyo

déh₃t

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root aorist of *deh₃- (“to give”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)

1. to give

Inflection

Perfective, athematic
3rd singular	*déh₃t
3rd plural	*dh₃ént
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*déh₃m̥	—	*déh₃oh₂	*dh₃yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*déh₃s	*déh₃, *dh₃dʰí	*déh₃esi	*dh₃yéh₁s
3rd singular	*déh₃t	*déh₃tu	*déh₃eti	*dh₃yéh₁t
1st dual	*dh₃wé	—	*déh₃owos	*dh₃ih₁wé
2nd dual	*dh₃tóm	*dh₃tóm	*déh₃etes	*dh₃ih₁tóm
3rd dual	*dh₃tā́m	*dh₃tā́m	*déh₃etes	*dh₃ih₁tā́m
1st plural	*dh₃mé	—	*déh₃omos	*dh₃ih₁mé
2nd plural	*dh₃té	*dh₃té	*déh₃ete	*dh₃ih₁té
3rd plural	*dh₃ént	*dh₃éntu	*déh₃onti	*dh₃ih₁ént
Participle	*dh₃ónts
Middle voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*dh₃h₂é	—	*déh₃oh₂er	*dh₃ih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*dh₃th₂é	*dh₃só	*déh₃eth₂er	*dh₃ih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*dh₃tó, *dh₃ó	*?	*déh₃etor	*dh₃ih₁tó, *dh₃ih₁ó
1st dual	*dh₃wédʰh₂	—	*déh₃owosdʰh₂	*dh₃ih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*dh₃médʰh₂	—	*déh₃omosdʰh₂	*dh₃ih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*dh₃dʰh₂wé	*dh₃dʰh₂wé	*déh₃edʰh₂we	*dh₃ih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*dh₃ró, *dh₃n̥tó	*?	*déh₃oror, *déh₃ontor	*dh₃ih₁ró, *dh₃ih₁n̥tó
Participle	*dh₃m̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: ետ (et)
• Proto-Celtic: *dāti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ἔδομεν (édomen) (defective aorist of δίδωμι (dídōmi)), ἔδωκᾰ (édōka) (extended with -k-))
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HádaHt
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HádaHt
    • Sanskrit: अदात् (ádāt)
  • Proto-Iranian: *HádaHt
    • Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬝 (dāt̰, 3sg.aor.act.inj.)
• Proto-Italic: *dōai (possibly)
  • Venetic: 𐌃𐌏𐌕𐌏 (doto)

dḗyḱst

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *deyḱ- (“to point out, to show”) +‎ *-st (perfective verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)

1. to point out

Inflection

Perfective, athematic
3rd singular	*dḗyḱst
3rd plural	*déyḱsn̥t
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*dḗyḱsm̥	—	*dḗyḱsoh₂	*déyḱsyeh₁m̥
2nd singular	*dḗyḱs	*dḗyḱs, *déyḱsdʰi	*dḗyḱsesi	*déyḱsyeh₁s
3rd singular	*dḗyḱst	*dḗyḱstu	*dḗyḱseti	*déyḱsyeh₁t
1st dual	*déyḱswe	—	*dḗyḱsowos	*déyḱsih₁we
2nd dual	*déyḱstom	*déyḱstom	*dḗyḱsetes	*déyḱsih₁tom
3rd dual	*déyḱstām	*déyḱstām	*dḗyḱsetes	*déyḱsih₁tām
1st plural	*déyḱsme	—	*dḗyḱsomos	*déyḱsih₁me
2nd plural	*déyḱste	*déyḱste	*dḗyḱsete	*déyḱsih₁te
3rd plural	*déyḱsn̥t	*déyḱsn̥tu	*dḗyḱsonti	*déyḱsih₁n̥t
Participle	*déyḱsn̥ts
Middle voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*déyḱsh₂e	—	*dḗyḱsoh₂er	*déyḱsih₁h₂e
2nd singular	*déyḱsth₂e	*déyḱso	*dḗyḱseth₂er	*déyḱsih₁th₂e
3rd singular	*déyḱsto, *déyḱso	*?	*dḗyḱsetor	*déyḱsih₁to, *déyḱsih₁o
1st dual	*déyḱswedʰh₂	—	*dḗyḱsowosdʰh₂	*déyḱsih₁wedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*déyḱsmedʰh₂	—	*dḗyḱsomosdʰh₂	*déyḱsih₁medʰh₂
2nd plural	*déyḱsdʰh₂we	*déyḱsdʰh₂we	*dḗyḱsedʰh₂we	*déyḱsih₁dʰh₂we
3rd plural	*déyḱsro, *déyḱsn̥to	*?	*dḗyḱsoror, *dḗyḱsontor	*déyḱsih₁ro, *déyḱsih₁n̥to
Participle	*déyḱsm̥h₁nos

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic: *édeixə
  • Ancient Greek: ἔδειξᾰ (édeixa)
• Proto-Italic: *deiksai
  • Latin: dīxī

déyḱti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root present of Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be pointing out

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*déyḱti
3rd plural	*diḱénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*déyḱmi	*déyḱm̥	—	*déyḱoh₂	*diḱyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*déyḱsi	*déyḱs	*déyḱ, *diḱdʰí	*déyḱesi	*diḱyéh₁s
3rd singular	*déyḱti	*déyḱt	*déyḱtu	*déyḱeti	*diḱyéh₁t
1st dual	*diḱwós	*diḱwé	—	*déyḱowos	*diḱih₁wé
2nd dual	*diḱtés	*diḱtóm	*diḱtóm	*déyḱetes	*diḱih₁tóm
3rd dual	*diḱtés	*diḱtā́m	*diḱtā́m	*déyḱetes	*diḱih₁tā́m
1st plural	*diḱmós	*diḱmé	—	*déyḱomos	*diḱih₁mé
2nd plural	*diḱté	*diḱté	*diḱté	*déyḱete	*diḱih₁té
3rd plural	*diḱénti	*diḱént	*diḱéntu	*déyḱonti	*diḱih₁ént
Participle	*diḱónts

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *tīhaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *deikō
  • Latin: dīcō, deicō (see there for further descendants)
  • Oscan: 𐌃𐌄𐌝𐌊𐌖𐌌 (deíkum)
  • Umbrian: deitu

dʰédʰeh₁ti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic e-reduplicated present of *dʰeh₁- (“to do; to put, place”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be putting, placing
2. to be doing

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*dʰédʰeh₁ti
3rd plural	*dʰédʰh₁n̥ti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*dʰédʰeh₁mi	*dʰédʰeh₁m̥	—	*dʰédʰeh₁oh₂	*dʰédʰh₁yeh₁m̥
2nd singular	*dʰédʰeh₁si	*dʰédʰeh₁s	*dʰédʰeh₁, *dʰédʰh₁dʰi	*dʰédʰeh₁esi	*dʰédʰh₁yeh₁s
3rd singular	*dʰédʰeh₁ti	*dʰédʰeh₁t	*dʰédʰeh₁tu	*dʰédʰeh₁eti	*dʰédʰh₁yeh₁t
1st dual	*dʰédʰh₁wos	*dʰédʰh₁we	—	*dʰédʰeh₁owos	*dʰédʰh₁ih₁we
2nd dual	*dʰédʰh₁tes	*dʰédʰh₁tom	*dʰédʰh₁tom	*dʰédʰeh₁etes	*dʰédʰh₁ih₁tom
3rd dual	*dʰédʰh₁tes	*dʰédʰh₁tām	*dʰédʰh₁tām	*dʰédʰeh₁etes	*dʰédʰh₁ih₁tām
1st plural	*dʰédʰh₁mos	*dʰédʰh₁me	—	*dʰédʰeh₁omos	*dʰédʰh₁ih₁me
2nd plural	*dʰédʰh₁te	*dʰédʰh₁te	*dʰédʰh₁te	*dʰédʰeh₁ete	*dʰédʰh₁ih₁te
3rd plural	*dʰédʰh₁n̥ti	*dʰédʰh₁n̥t	*dʰédʰh₁n̥tu	*dʰédʰeh₁onti	*dʰédʰh₁ih₁n̥t
Participle	*dʰédʰh₁n̥ts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*dʰédʰh₁h₂er	*dʰédʰh₁h₂e	—	*dʰédʰeh₁oh₂er	*dʰédʰh₁ih₁h₂e
2nd singular	*dʰédʰh₁th₂er	*dʰédʰh₁th₂e	*dʰédʰh₁so	*dʰédʰeh₁eth₂er	*dʰédʰh₁ih₁th₂e
3rd singular	*dʰédʰh₁tor, *dʰédʰh₁or	*dʰédʰh₁to, *dʰédʰh₁o	*?	*dʰédʰeh₁etor	*dʰédʰh₁ih₁to, *dʰédʰh₁ih₁o
1st dual	*dʰédʰh₁wosdʰh₂	*dʰédʰh₁wedʰh₂	—	*dʰédʰeh₁owosdʰh₂	*dʰédʰh₁ih₁wedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*dʰédʰh₁mosdʰh₂	*dʰédʰh₁medʰh₂	—	*dʰédʰeh₁omosdʰh₂	*dʰédʰh₁ih₁medʰh₂
2nd plural	*dʰédʰh₁dʰh₂we	*dʰédʰh₁dʰh₂we	*dʰédʰh₁dʰh₂we	*dʰédʰeh₁edʰh₂we	*dʰédʰh₁ih₁dʰh₂we
3rd plural	*dʰédʰh₁ror, *dʰédʰh₁n̥tor	*dʰédʰh₁ro, *dʰédʰh₁n̥to	*?	*dʰédʰeh₁oror, *dʰédʰeh₁ontor	*dʰédʰh₁ih₁ro, *dʰédʰh₁ih₁n̥to
Participle	*dʰédʰh₁m̥h₁nos

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *dedē (past tense of *dōną, from imperfect; possibly also the source of the past tense suffix of weak verbs) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *t(e/i)tʰēmi
  • Ancient Greek: τίθημι (títhēmi)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰádʰaHti (see there for further descendants)

dʰedʰórse

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *dʰers- (“to be bold, to dare”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (stative)

1. to dare

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*dʰedʰórse
3rd plural	*dʰedʰr̥sḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*dʰedʰórsh₂e	—	*dʰedʰérsoh₂	*dʰedʰr̥syéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*dʰedʰórsth₂e	*dʰedʰórs, *dʰedʰr̥sdʰí	*dʰedʰérsesi	*dʰedʰr̥syéh₁s
3rd singular	*dʰedʰórse	*dʰedʰórstu	*dʰedʰérseti	*dʰedʰr̥syéh₁t
1st dual	*dʰedʰr̥swé	—	*dʰedʰérsowos	*dʰedʰr̥sih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*dʰedʰr̥stóm	*dʰedʰérsetes	*dʰedʰr̥sih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*dʰedʰr̥stā́m	*dʰedʰérsetes	*dʰedʰr̥sih₁tā́m
1st plural	*dʰedʰr̥smé	—	*dʰedʰérsomos	*dʰedʰr̥sih₁mé
2nd plural	*dʰedʰr̥sé	*dʰedʰr̥sté	*dʰedʰérsete	*dʰedʰr̥sih₁té
3rd plural	*dʰedʰr̥sḗr	*dʰedʰr̥séntu	*dʰedʰérsonti	*dʰedʰr̥sih₁ént
Participle	*dʰedʰr̥swṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *durzaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰadʰárša
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadʰárṣa
    • Sanskrit: दधर्ष (dadhárṣa)

dʰedʰówgʰe

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (stative)

1. to be productive

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*dʰedʰówgʰe
3rd plural	*dʰedʰugʰḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*dʰedʰówgʰh₂e	—	*dʰedʰéwgʰoh₂	*dʰedʰugʰyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*dʰedʰówgʰth₂e	*dʰedʰówgʰ, *dʰedʰugʰdʰí	*dʰedʰéwgʰesi	*dʰedʰugʰyéh₁s
3rd singular	*dʰedʰówgʰe	*dʰedʰówgʰtu	*dʰedʰéwgʰeti	*dʰedʰugʰyéh₁t
1st dual	*dʰedʰugʰwé	—	*dʰedʰéwgʰowos	*dʰedʰugʰih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*dʰedʰugʰtóm	*dʰedʰéwgʰetes	*dʰedʰugʰih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*dʰedʰugʰtā́m	*dʰedʰéwgʰetes	*dʰedʰugʰih₁tā́m
1st plural	*dʰedʰugʰmé	—	*dʰedʰéwgʰomos	*dʰedʰugʰih₁mé
2nd plural	*dʰedʰugʰé	*dʰedʰugʰté	*dʰedʰéwgʰete	*dʰedʰugʰih₁té
3rd plural	*dʰedʰugʰḗr	*dʰedʰugʰéntu	*dʰedʰéwgʰonti	*dʰedʰugʰih₁ént
Participle	*dʰedʰugʰwṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *duganą (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰudʰáwǰʰa
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dudáwźʰa
    • Sanskrit: दुदोह (dudóha), दुदुहुर् (duduhúr, 3.pl.perf.)

dʰéh₁t

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root aorist of *dʰeh₁- (“to do; to put, place”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)

1. to have put, to have placed
2. to have done

Inflection

Perfective, athematic
3rd singular	*dʰéh₁t
3rd plural	*dʰh₁ént
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*dʰéh₁m̥	—	*dʰéh₁oh₂	*dʰh₁yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*dʰéh₁s	*dʰéh₁, *dʰh₁dʰí	*dʰéh₁esi	*dʰh₁yéh₁s
3rd singular	*dʰéh₁t	*dʰéh₁tu	*dʰéh₁eti	*dʰh₁yéh₁t
1st dual	*dʰh₁wé	—	*dʰéh₁owos	*dʰh₁ih₁wé
2nd dual	*dʰh₁tóm	*dʰh₁tóm	*dʰéh₁etes	*dʰh₁ih₁tóm
3rd dual	*dʰh₁tā́m	*dʰh₁tā́m	*dʰéh₁etes	*dʰh₁ih₁tā́m
1st plural	*dʰh₁mé	—	*dʰéh₁omos	*dʰh₁ih₁mé
2nd plural	*dʰh₁té	*dʰh₁té	*dʰéh₁ete	*dʰh₁ih₁té
3rd plural	*dʰh₁ént	*dʰh₁éntu	*dʰéh₁onti	*dʰh₁ih₁ént
Participle	*dʰh₁ónts
Middle voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*dʰh₁h₂é	—	*dʰéh₁oh₂er	*dʰh₁ih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*dʰh₁th₂é	*dʰh₁só	*dʰéh₁eth₂er	*dʰh₁ih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*dʰh₁tó, *dʰh₁ó	*?	*dʰéh₁etor	*dʰh₁ih₁tó, *dʰh₁ih₁ó
1st dual	*dʰh₁wédʰh₂	—	*dʰéh₁owosdʰh₂	*dʰh₁ih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*dʰh₁médʰh₂	—	*dʰéh₁omosdʰh₂	*dʰh₁ih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*dʰh₁dʰh₂wé	*dʰh₁dʰh₂wé	*dʰéh₁edʰh₂we	*dʰh₁ih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*dʰh₁ró, *dʰh₁n̥tó	*?	*dʰéh₁oror, *dʰéh₁ontor	*dʰh₁ih₁ró, *dʰh₁ih₁n̥tó
Participle	*dʰh₁m̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Anatolian: *dǣ́di (see there for further descendants)
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: եդ (ed)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dḗˀtei
  • Proto-Slavic: *děti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *dōną (from o-grade) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *étʰēka (rebuilt as k-aorist)
  • Ancient Greek: ἔθηκᾰ sg (éthēka), ἔθεμεν pl (éthemen)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HádʰaHt
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HádʰaHt
    • Sanskrit: अधात् (ádhāt)
• Proto-Italic: *(fe)ðō
  • Latin: -dō (see there for further descendants)

dʰéwgʰti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root present of *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be productive

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*dʰéwgʰti
3rd plural	*dʰugʰénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*dʰéwgʰmi	*dʰéwgʰm̥	—	*dʰéwgʰoh₂	*dʰugʰyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*dʰéwgʰsi	*dʰéwgʰs	*dʰéwgʰ, *dʰugʰdʰí	*dʰéwgʰesi	*dʰugʰyéh₁s
3rd singular	*dʰéwgʰti	*dʰéwgʰt	*dʰéwgʰtu	*dʰéwgʰeti	*dʰugʰyéh₁t
1st dual	*dʰugʰwós	*dʰugʰwé	—	*dʰéwgʰowos	*dʰugʰih₁wé
2nd dual	*dʰugʰtés	*dʰugʰtóm	*dʰugʰtóm	*dʰéwgʰetes	*dʰugʰih₁tóm
3rd dual	*dʰugʰtés	*dʰugʰtā́m	*dʰugʰtā́m	*dʰéwgʰetes	*dʰugʰih₁tā́m
1st plural	*dʰugʰmós	*dʰugʰmé	—	*dʰéwgʰomos	*dʰugʰih₁mé
2nd plural	*dʰugʰté	*dʰugʰté	*dʰugʰté	*dʰéwgʰete	*dʰugʰih₁té
3rd plural	*dʰugʰénti	*dʰugʰént	*dʰugʰéntu	*dʰéwgʰonti	*dʰugʰih₁ént
Participle	*dʰugʰónts

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic: *téukʰō
  • Ancient Greek: τεύχω (teúkhō)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáwgdʰi (“to milk”) (see there for further descendants)

ǵn̥h₃sḱéti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, to know”) +‎ *-sḱéti (durative verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to recognise

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéti
3rd plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱónti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóm	—	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱési	*ǵn̥h₃sḱés	*ǵn̥h₃sḱé	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗsi	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóys
3rd singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéti	*ǵn̥h₃sḱét	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétu	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗti	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyt
1st dual	*ǵn̥h₃sḱówos	*ǵn̥h₃sḱówe	—	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓwos	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóywe
2nd dual	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétes	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétom	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétom	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗtes	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóytom
3rd dual	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétes	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétām	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétām	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗtes	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóytām
1st plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱómos	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóme	—	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓmos	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyme
2nd plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéte	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéte	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéte	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗte	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyte
3rd plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱónti	*ǵn̥h₃sḱónt	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóntu	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓnti	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁n̥t
Participle	*ǵn̥h₃sḱónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂er	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂e	—	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂er	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₂e
2nd singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéth₂er	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéth₂e	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéso	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗth₂er	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyth₂e
3rd singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétor	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéto	*?	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗtor	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyto, *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁o
1st dual	*ǵn̥h₃sḱówosdʰh₂	*ǵn̥h₃sḱówedʰh₂	—	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓwosdʰh₂	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱómosdʰh₂	*ǵn̥h₃sḱómedʰh₂	—	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓmosdʰh₂	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we	*ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we	*ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗdʰh₂we	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóror, *ǵn̥h₃sḱóntor	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóro, *ǵn̥h₃sḱónto	*?	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓror, *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓntor	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyro, *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁n̥to
Participle	*ǵn̥h₃sḱómnos

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *gnāska
  • Albanian: njoh
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: ճանաչեմ (čanačʻem), ճանաչենամ (čanačʻenam) (< earlier *ծանաչեմ (*canačʻem))
    • Armenian: ճանաչել (čanačʻel), ճանչնալ (čančʻnal)
• Proto-Hellenic: *gignṓskō
  • Ancient Greek: γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́naHsćáti
  • Proto-Iranian: *jnaHŝáti
    • Parthian: 𐫙𐫢𐫗𐫀𐫘 (ʿšnʾs /⁠išnās-⁠/, “to recognize, get to know”)
    • Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐎴𐎠𐎿𐎠𐎫𐎹 (x-š-n-a-s-a-t-y /⁠xšnāsātiy⁠/, 3sg.subj.)
      • Middle Persian:

        Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫢𐫗𐫀𐫘 (ʿšnʾs /⁠išnās-⁠/)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šnʾs /⁠šnās-⁠/)

        • Persian: شناختن (šenâxtan)
• Proto-Italic: *gnōskō (see there for further descendants)

gʷegʷóme

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *gʷem- (“to step”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (stative)

1. to have the feet planted, to stand steady

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*gʷegʷóme
3rd plural	*gʷegʷmḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*gʷegʷómh₂e	—	*gʷegʷémoh₂	*gʷegʷm̥yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*gʷegʷómth₂e	*gʷegʷóm, *gʷegʷm̥dʰí	*gʷegʷémesi	*gʷegʷm̥yéh₁s
3rd singular	*gʷegʷóme	*gʷegʷómtu	*gʷegʷémeti	*gʷegʷm̥yéh₁t
1st dual	*gʷegʷm̥wé	—	*gʷegʷémowos	*gʷegʷmih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*gʷegʷm̥tóm	*gʷegʷémetes	*gʷegʷmih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*gʷegʷm̥tā́m	*gʷegʷémetes	*gʷegʷmih₁tā́m
1st plural	*gʷegʷm̥mé	—	*gʷegʷémomos	*gʷegʷmih₁mé
2nd plural	*gʷegʷmé	*gʷegʷm̥té	*gʷegʷémete	*gʷegʷmih₁té
3rd plural	*gʷegʷmḗr	*gʷegʷméntu	*gʷegʷémonti	*gʷegʷmih₁ént
Participle	*gʷegʷm̥wṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *kwam (see there for further descendants)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: βέβηκᾰ (bébēka) (reformed as k-perfect)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagā́ma
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agā́ma
    • Sanskrit: जगाम (jagā́ma)

gʷémt

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root aorist of *gʷem- (“to step”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)

1. to step, to take a step
2. to arrive

Inflection

Perfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*gʷémt
3rd plural	*gʷmént
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*gʷḗm	—	*gʷémoh₂	*gʷm̥yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*gʷéms	*gʷém, *gʷm̥dʰí	*gʷémesi	*gʷm̥yéh₁s
3rd singular	*gʷémt	*gʷémtu	*gʷémeti	*gʷm̥yéh₁t
1st dual	*gʷm̥wé	—	*gʷémowos	*gʷmih₁wé
2nd dual	*gʷm̥tóm	*gʷm̥tóm	*gʷémetes	*gʷmih₁tóm
3rd dual	*gʷm̥tā́m	*gʷm̥tā́m	*gʷémetes	*gʷmih₁tā́m
1st plural	*gʷm̥mé	—	*gʷémomos	*gʷmih₁mé
2nd plural	*gʷm̥té	*gʷm̥té	*gʷémete	*gʷmih₁té
3rd plural	*gʷmént	*gʷméntu	*gʷémonti	*gʷmih₁ént
Participle	*gʷmónts

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: եկն (ekn)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gimtei
  • Latvian: dzimt (“be born”)
  • Lithuanian: gimti (“be born”)
• Proto-Germanic: *kwemaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hágant
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hágant
    • Sanskrit: अगन् (ágan)
  • Proto-Iranian: *Háǰant
    • Avestan: 𐬘𐬇𐬥 (jə̄n, 3sg.aor.act.inj.)

gʷʰédʰyeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *gʷʰedʰ- (“to request, ask for”) +‎ *-yeti.

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to keep requesting, to keep asking for

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*gʷʰédʰyeti
3rd plural	*gʷʰédʰyonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*gʷʰédʰyoh₂	*gʷʰédʰyom	—	*gʷʰédʰyōh₂	*gʷʰédʰyoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*gʷʰédʰyesi	*gʷʰédʰyes	*gʷʰédʰye	*gʷʰédʰyēsi	*gʷʰédʰyoys
3rd singular	*gʷʰédʰyeti	*gʷʰédʰyet	*gʷʰédʰyetu	*gʷʰédʰyēti	*gʷʰédʰyoyt
1st dual	*gʷʰédʰyowos	*gʷʰédʰyowe	—	*gʷʰédʰyōwos	*gʷʰédʰyoywe
2nd dual	*gʷʰédʰyetes	*gʷʰédʰyetom	*gʷʰédʰyetom	*gʷʰédʰyētes	*gʷʰédʰyoytom
3rd dual	*gʷʰédʰyetes	*gʷʰédʰyetām	*gʷʰédʰyetām	*gʷʰédʰyētes	*gʷʰédʰyoytām
1st plural	*gʷʰédʰyomos	*gʷʰédʰyome	—	*gʷʰédʰyōmos	*gʷʰédʰyoyme
2nd plural	*gʷʰédʰyete	*gʷʰédʰyete	*gʷʰédʰyete	*gʷʰédʰyēte	*gʷʰédʰyoyte
3rd plural	*gʷʰédʰyonti	*gʷʰédʰyont	*gʷʰédʰyontu	*gʷʰédʰyōnti	*gʷʰédʰyoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*gʷʰédʰyonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*gʷʰédʰyoh₂er	*gʷʰédʰyoh₂e	—	*gʷʰédʰyōh₂er	*gʷʰédʰyoyh₂e
2nd singular	*gʷʰédʰyeth₂er	*gʷʰédʰyeth₂e	*gʷʰédʰyeso	*gʷʰédʰyēth₂er	*gʷʰédʰyoyth₂e
3rd singular	*gʷʰédʰyetor	*gʷʰédʰyeto	*?	*gʷʰédʰyētor	*gʷʰédʰyoyto, *gʷʰédʰyoyh₁o
1st dual	*gʷʰédʰyowosdʰh₂	*gʷʰédʰyowedʰh₂	—	*gʷʰédʰyōwosdʰh₂	*gʷʰédʰyoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*gʷʰédʰyomosdʰh₂	*gʷʰédʰyomedʰh₂	—	*gʷʰédʰyōmosdʰh₂	*gʷʰédʰyoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*gʷʰédʰyedʰh₂we	*gʷʰédʰyedʰh₂we	*gʷʰédʰyedʰh₂we	*gʷʰédʰyēdʰh₂we	*gʷʰédʰyoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*gʷʰédʰyoror, *gʷʰédʰyontor	*gʷʰédʰyoro, *gʷʰédʰyonto	*?	*gʷʰédʰyōror, *gʷʰédʰyōntor	*gʷʰédʰyoyro, *gʷʰédʰyoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*gʷʰédʰyomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *gʷedyeti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *bidjaną (“to bid, make a request (of); ask”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰádʰyati
  • Proto-Iranian: *ǰádyati
    • Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬨𐬌 (jaⁱδiiemi)
    • Old Persian: 𐎩𐎮𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 (j-di-i-y-a-mi-i-y /⁠jadiyāmiy⁠/)

gʷʰoréyeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *gʷʰer- (“hot, warm”) +‎ *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to heat

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*gʷʰoréyeti
3rd plural	*gʷʰoréyonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*gʷʰoréyoh₂	*gʷʰoréyom	—	*gʷʰoréyōh₂	*gʷʰoréyoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*gʷʰoréyesi	*gʷʰoréyes	*gʷʰoréye	*gʷʰoréyēsi	*gʷʰoréyoys
3rd singular	*gʷʰoréyeti	*gʷʰoréyet	*gʷʰoréyetu	*gʷʰoréyēti	*gʷʰoréyoyt
1st dual	*gʷʰoréyowos	*gʷʰoréyowe	—	*gʷʰoréyōwos	*gʷʰoréyoywe
2nd dual	*gʷʰoréyetes	*gʷʰoréyetom	*gʷʰoréyetom	*gʷʰoréyētes	*gʷʰoréyoytom
3rd dual	*gʷʰoréyetes	*gʷʰoréyetām	*gʷʰoréyetām	*gʷʰoréyētes	*gʷʰoréyoytām
1st plural	*gʷʰoréyomos	*gʷʰoréyome	—	*gʷʰoréyōmos	*gʷʰoréyoyme
2nd plural	*gʷʰoréyete	*gʷʰoréyete	*gʷʰoréyete	*gʷʰoréyēte	*gʷʰoréyoyte
3rd plural	*gʷʰoréyonti	*gʷʰoréyont	*gʷʰoréyontu	*gʷʰoréyōnti	*gʷʰoréyoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*gʷʰoréyonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*gʷʰoréyoh₂er	*gʷʰoréyoh₂e	—	*gʷʰoréyōh₂er	*gʷʰoréyoyh₂e
2nd singular	*gʷʰoréyeth₂er	*gʷʰoréyeth₂e	*gʷʰoréyeso	*gʷʰoréyēth₂er	*gʷʰoréyoyth₂e
3rd singular	*gʷʰoréyetor	*gʷʰoréyeto	*?	*gʷʰoréyētor	*gʷʰoréyoyto, *gʷʰoréyoyh₁o
1st dual	*gʷʰoréyowosdʰh₂	*gʷʰoréyowedʰh₂	—	*gʷʰoréyōwosdʰh₂	*gʷʰoréyoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*gʷʰoréyomosdʰh₂	*gʷʰoréyomedʰh₂	—	*gʷʰoréyōmosdʰh₂	*gʷʰoréyoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*gʷʰoréyedʰh₂we	*gʷʰoréyedʰh₂we	*gʷʰoréyedʰh₂we	*gʷʰoréyēdʰh₂we	*gʷʰoréyoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*gʷʰoréyoror, *gʷʰoréyontor	*gʷʰoréyoro, *gʷʰoréyonto	*?	*gʷʰoréyōror, *gʷʰoréyōntor	*gʷʰoréyoyro, *gʷʰoréyoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*gʷʰoréyomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *gʷorīti
  • Middle Irish: guirid
    • Irish: gor
  • Welsh: gwresogi
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰaráyati (though the absence of Brugmann's law lengthening to produce *gʰāráyati implies that this formation may be secondary or that some leveling occurred)
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰaráyati
    • Sanskrit: घरयति (gharáyati) (root घर् (ghar))

gʷíh₃weti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Apparently from the adjective *gʷih₃wós (“alive, living”), ultimately from the root *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”).

However, Gąsiorowski (2006) takes this verb (and thus the root) to be an irregular dissimilation of *gʷígʷwe-, an isolated reduplicating thematic present from a lost *gʷew- (“move”) (?) with an o-grade root noun in *gʷṓws.

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to live, to be alive

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic, active only
3rd singular	*gʷíh₃weti
3rd plural	*gʷíh₃wonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*gʷíh₃woh₂	*gʷíh₃wom	—	*gʷíh₃wōh₂	*gʷíh₃woyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*gʷíh₃wesi	*gʷíh₃wes	*gʷíh₃we	*gʷíh₃wēsi	*gʷíh₃woys
3rd singular	*gʷíh₃weti	*gʷíh₃wet	*gʷíh₃wetu	*gʷíh₃wēti	*gʷíh₃woyt
1st dual	*gʷíh₃wowos	*gʷíh₃wowe	—	*gʷíh₃wōwos	*gʷíh₃woywe
2nd dual	*gʷíh₃wetes	*gʷíh₃wetom	*gʷíh₃wetom	*gʷíh₃wētes	*gʷíh₃woytom
3rd dual	*gʷíh₃wetes	*gʷíh₃wetām	*gʷíh₃wetām	*gʷíh₃wētes	*gʷíh₃woytām
1st plural	*gʷíh₃womos	*gʷíh₃wome	—	*gʷíh₃wōmos	*gʷíh₃woyme
2nd plural	*gʷíh₃wete	*gʷíh₃wete	*gʷíh₃wete	*gʷíh₃wēte	*gʷíh₃woyte
3rd plural	*gʷíh₃wonti	*gʷíh₃wont	*gʷíh₃wontu	*gʷíh₃wōnti	*gʷíh₃woyh₁n̥t
Participle	*gʷíh₃wonts

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwetei
  • Latvian: dzīt, dzīvot
  • Lithuanian: gyventi
  • Old Prussian: gi(j)wan
  • Proto-Slavic: *žiti (see there for further descendants)
• Celtic:
  • Breton: beva
  • Scottish Gaelic: bi
  • Welsh: byw
• Proto-Hellenic: *ďṓwō (< *gʷyṓw-ō < *gʷyéh₃w-oh₂)
  • Ancient Greek: ζώω (zṓō), ζῶ (zô), ζάω (záō)
    • Greek: ζω (zo)
      • Mariupol Greek: зу (zu)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰíHwati (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *gʷīwō
  • Latin: vīvō (see there for further descendants)
• Tocharian: (from *gwíh₃-ō)
  • Tocharian A: śo-
  • Tocharian B: śai-

gʷm̥sḱéti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *gʷem- (“to step”) +‎ *-sḱéti (durative or iterative verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be walking
2. to come, to be coming

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic, active only
3rd singular	*gʷm̥sḱéti
3rd plural	*gʷm̥sḱónti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*gʷm̥sḱóh₂	*gʷm̥sḱóm	—	*gʷm̥sḱṓh₂	*gʷm̥sḱóyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*gʷm̥sḱési	*gʷm̥sḱés	*gʷm̥sḱé	*gʷm̥sḱḗsi	*gʷm̥sḱóys
3rd singular	*gʷm̥sḱéti	*gʷm̥sḱét	*gʷm̥sḱétu	*gʷm̥sḱḗti	*gʷm̥sḱóyt
1st dual	*gʷm̥sḱówos	*gʷm̥sḱówe	—	*gʷm̥sḱṓwos	*gʷm̥sḱóywe
2nd dual	*gʷm̥sḱétes	*gʷm̥sḱétom	*gʷm̥sḱétom	*gʷm̥sḱḗtes	*gʷm̥sḱóytom
3rd dual	*gʷm̥sḱétes	*gʷm̥sḱétām	*gʷm̥sḱétām	*gʷm̥sḱḗtes	*gʷm̥sḱóytām
1st plural	*gʷm̥sḱómos	*gʷm̥sḱóme	—	*gʷm̥sḱṓmos	*gʷm̥sḱóyme
2nd plural	*gʷm̥sḱéte	*gʷm̥sḱéte	*gʷm̥sḱéte	*gʷm̥sḱḗte	*gʷm̥sḱóyte
3rd plural	*gʷm̥sḱónti	*gʷm̥sḱónt	*gʷm̥sḱóntu	*gʷm̥sḱṓnti	*gʷm̥sḱóyh₁n̥t
Participle	*gʷm̥sḱónts

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́skō
  • Ancient Greek: βάσκω (báskō)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gasćáti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gaśćáti
    • Sanskrit: गच्छति (gácchati) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰasćáti
  • Proto-Iranian: *ǰašáti
    • Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (jasaⁱti)

h₁édti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *h₁ḗdti ~ *h₁édn̥ti

Etymology

Athematic root present of *h₁ed- (“to eat”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to eat

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*h₁édti
3rd plural	*h₁dénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₁édmi	*h₁édm̥	—	*h₁édoh₂	*h₁dyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₁édsi	*h₁éds	*h₁éd, *h₁ddʰí	*h₁édesi	*h₁dyéh₁s
3rd singular	*h₁édti	*h₁édt	*h₁édtu	*h₁édeti	*h₁dyéh₁t
1st dual	*h₁dwós	*h₁dwé	—	*h₁édowos	*h₁dih₁wé
2nd dual	*h₁dtés	*h₁dtóm	*h₁dtóm	*h₁édetes	*h₁dih₁tóm
3rd dual	*h₁dtés	*h₁dtā́m	*h₁dtā́m	*h₁édetes	*h₁dih₁tā́m
1st plural	*h₁dmós	*h₁dmé	—	*h₁édomos	*h₁dih₁mé
2nd plural	*h₁dté	*h₁dté	*h₁dté	*h₁édete	*h₁dih₁té
3rd plural	*h₁dénti	*h₁dént	*h₁déntu	*h₁édonti	*h₁dih₁ént
Participle	*h₁dónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₁dh₂ér	*h₁dh₂é	—	*h₁édoh₂er	*h₁dih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*h₁dth₂ér	*h₁dth₂é	*h₁dsó	*h₁édeth₂er	*h₁dih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*h₁dtór, *h₁dór	*h₁dtó, *h₁dó	*?	*h₁édetor	*h₁dih₁tó, *h₁dih₁ó
1st dual	*h₁dwósdʰh₂	*h₁dwédʰh₂	—	*h₁édowosdʰh₂	*h₁dih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*h₁dmósdʰh₂	*h₁dmédʰh₂	—	*h₁édomosdʰh₂	*h₁dih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*h₁ddʰh₂wé	*h₁ddʰh₂wé	*h₁ddʰh₂wé	*h₁édedʰh₂we	*h₁dih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*h₁drór, *h₁dn̥tór	*h₁dró, *h₁dn̥tó	*?	*h₁édoror, *h₁édontor	*h₁dih₁ró, *h₁dih₁n̥tó
Participle	*h₁dm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Anatolian: *ʔed- ~ *ʔd- (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ḗˀstei (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *essi (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *etaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *édō (thematic)
  • Ancient Greek: ἔδω (édō)
    • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἐσθίω (esthíō), ἔσθω (ésthō)
      • Greek: εσθίω (esthío) (obsolete)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátˢti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *edō (see there for further descendants)

h₁ḗdti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. alternative reconstruction of *h₁édti

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*h₁ḗdti
3rd plural	*h₁édn̥ti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₁ḗdmi	*h₁ḗdm̥	—	*h₁ḗdoh₂	*h₁édyeh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₁ḗdsi	*h₁ḗds	*h₁ḗd, *h₁éddʰi	*h₁ḗdesi	*h₁édyeh₁s
3rd singular	*h₁ḗdti	*h₁ḗdt	*h₁ḗdtu	*h₁ḗdeti	*h₁édyeh₁t
1st dual	*h₁édwos	*h₁édwe	—	*h₁ḗdowos	*h₁édih₁we
2nd dual	*h₁édtes	*h₁édtom	*h₁édtom	*h₁ḗdetes	*h₁édih₁tom
3rd dual	*h₁édtes	*h₁édtām	*h₁édtām	*h₁ḗdetes	*h₁édih₁tām
1st plural	*h₁édmos	*h₁édme	—	*h₁ḗdomos	*h₁édih₁me
2nd plural	*h₁édte	*h₁édte	*h₁édte	*h₁ḗdete	*h₁édih₁te
3rd plural	*h₁édn̥ti	*h₁édn̥t	*h₁édn̥tu	*h₁ḗdonti	*h₁édih₁n̥t
Participle	*h₁édn̥ts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₁édh₂er	*h₁édh₂e	—	*h₁ḗdoh₂er	*h₁édih₁h₂e
2nd singular	*h₁édth₂er	*h₁édth₂e	*h₁édso	*h₁ḗdeth₂er	*h₁édih₁th₂e
3rd singular	*h₁édtor, *h₁édor	*h₁édto, *h₁édo	*?	*h₁ḗdetor	*h₁édih₁to, *h₁édih₁o
1st dual	*h₁édwosdʰh₂	*h₁édwedʰh₂	—	*h₁ḗdowosdʰh₂	*h₁édih₁wedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*h₁édmosdʰh₂	*h₁édmedʰh₂	—	*h₁ḗdomosdʰh₂	*h₁édih₁medʰh₂
2nd plural	*h₁éddʰh₂we	*h₁éddʰh₂we	*h₁éddʰh₂we	*h₁ḗdedʰh₂we	*h₁édih₁dʰh₂we
3rd plural	*h₁édror, *h₁édn̥tor	*h₁édro, *h₁édn̥to	*?	*h₁ḗdoror, *h₁ḗdontor	*h₁édih₁ro, *h₁édih₁n̥to
Participle	*h₁édm̥h₁nos

h₁ésti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root present of *h₁es- (“to be”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*h₁ésti
3rd plural	*h₁sénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₁ésmi	*h₁ésm̥	—	*h₁ésoh₂	*h₁syéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₁ési	*h₁és	*h₁és, *h₁sdʰí	*h₁ésesi	*h₁syéh₁s
3rd singular	*h₁ésti	*h₁ést	*h₁éstu	*h₁éseti	*h₁syéh₁t
1st dual	*h₁swós	*h₁swé	—	*h₁ésowos	*h₁sih₁wé
2nd dual	*h₁stés	*h₁stóm	*h₁stóm	*h₁ésetes	*h₁sih₁tóm
3rd dual	*h₁stés	*h₁stā́m	*h₁stā́m	*h₁ésetes	*h₁sih₁tā́m
1st plural	*h₁smós	*h₁smé	—	*h₁ésomos	*h₁sih₁mé
2nd plural	*h₁sté	*h₁sté	*h₁sté	*h₁ésete	*h₁sih₁té
3rd plural	*h₁sénti	*h₁sént	*h₁séntu	*h₁ésonti	*h₁sih₁ént
Participle	*h₁sónts

Descendants

• Proto-Anatolian: *ʔésti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Albanian: *esmi
  • Albanian: është
  • Albanian: jam
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: եմ (em), ես (es), է (ē), են (en), (probably) -ի- (-i-) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bū́ˀtei (*esmi, *esi, *esti)
  • Latgalian: byut (asmu, esi, etc. (except ir))
  • Latvian: būt (esmu, esi, etc. (except ir))
  • Lithuanian: būti (esu, esi, etc. (except yra))
  • Old Prussian: ast
  • Proto-Slavic: *byti (*(j)esmь, *(j)esi, *(j)estь) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *esti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (*immi, *izi, *isti etc.) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *ehmi
  • Ancient Greek: εἰμί (eimí)

    Aeolic: ἔμμι (émmi)

    Cretan: ἠμί (ēmí)

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *som, *ezom (see there for further descendants)
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian B: ste (“is”)

h₁ludʰét

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematic root aorist of *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow, climb”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)

1. to arrive

Inflection

Perfective, thematic, active only
3rd singular	*h₁ludʰét
3rd plural	*h₁ludʰónt
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₁ludʰóm	—	*h₁ludʰṓh₂	*h₁ludʰóyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₁ludʰés	*h₁ludʰé	*h₁ludʰḗsi	*h₁ludʰóys
3rd singular	*h₁ludʰét	*h₁ludʰétu	*h₁ludʰḗti	*h₁ludʰóyt
1st dual	*h₁ludʰówe	—	*h₁ludʰṓwos	*h₁ludʰóywe
2nd dual	*h₁ludʰétom	*h₁ludʰétom	*h₁ludʰḗtes	*h₁ludʰóytom
3rd dual	*h₁ludʰétām	*h₁ludʰétām	*h₁ludʰḗtes	*h₁ludʰóytām
1st plural	*h₁ludʰóme	—	*h₁ludʰṓmos	*h₁ludʰóyme
2nd plural	*h₁ludʰéte	*h₁ludʰéte	*h₁ludʰḗte	*h₁ludʰóyte
3rd plural	*h₁ludʰónt	*h₁ludʰóntu	*h₁ludʰṓnti	*h₁ludʰóyh₁n̥t
Participle	*h₁ludʰónts

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *ludet
  • Old Irish: luid
• Proto-Hellenic: *ḗlutʰe
  • Ancient Greek: *ἐλεύθω (*eleúthō)
    • Ancient Greek: ἤλυθε (ḗluthe), ἤλυθον (ḗluthon), ἦλθον (êlthon) (< syncope)
• Proto-Tocharian: *lŭt-
  • Tocharian A: lät-
  • Tocharian B: lät-

h₁regʷesyéti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₁régʷos (“darkness”) +‎ *-yéti (denominative verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be getting dark

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic, active only
3rd singular	*h₁regʷesyéti
3rd plural	*h₁regʷesyónti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₁regʷesyóh₂	*h₁regʷesyóm	—	*h₁regʷesyṓh₂	*h₁regʷesyóyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₁regʷesyési	*h₁regʷesyés	*h₁regʷesyé	*h₁regʷesyḗsi	*h₁regʷesyóys
3rd singular	*h₁regʷesyéti	*h₁regʷesyét	*h₁regʷesyétu	*h₁regʷesyḗti	*h₁regʷesyóyt
1st dual	*h₁regʷesyówos	*h₁regʷesyówe	—	*h₁regʷesyṓwos	*h₁regʷesyóywe
2nd dual	*h₁regʷesyétes	*h₁regʷesyétom	*h₁regʷesyétom	*h₁regʷesyḗtes	*h₁regʷesyóytom
3rd dual	*h₁regʷesyétes	*h₁regʷesyétām	*h₁regʷesyétām	*h₁regʷesyḗtes	*h₁regʷesyóytām
1st plural	*h₁regʷesyómos	*h₁regʷesyóme	—	*h₁regʷesyṓmos	*h₁regʷesyóyme
2nd plural	*h₁regʷesyéte	*h₁regʷesyéte	*h₁regʷesyéte	*h₁regʷesyḗte	*h₁regʷesyóyte
3rd plural	*h₁regʷesyónti	*h₁regʷesyónt	*h₁regʷesyóntu	*h₁regʷesyṓnti	*h₁regʷesyóyh₁n̥t
Participle	*h₁regʷesyónts

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *rikwizjaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hraǰasyáti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hraȷ́asyáti
    • Sanskrit: रजस्यति (rajasyáti)

h₁rudʰéh₁ti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”) +‎ *-éh₁ti (inchoative or fientive verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be red

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*h₁rudʰéh₁ti
3rd plural	*h₁rudʰéh₁n̥ti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₁rudʰéh₁mi	*h₁rudʰéh₁m̥	—	*h₁rudʰéh₁oh₂	*h₁rudʰéh₁yeh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₁rudʰéh₁si	*h₁rudʰéh₁s	*h₁rudʰéh₁, *h₁rudʰéh₁dʰi	*h₁rudʰéh₁esi	*h₁rudʰéh₁yeh₁s
3rd singular	*h₁rudʰéh₁ti	*h₁rudʰéh₁t	*h₁rudʰéh₁tu	*h₁rudʰéh₁eti	*h₁rudʰéh₁yeh₁t
1st dual	*h₁rudʰéh₁wos	*h₁rudʰéh₁we	—	*h₁rudʰéh₁owos	*h₁rudʰéh₁ih₁we
2nd dual	*h₁rudʰéh₁tes	*h₁rudʰéh₁tom	*h₁rudʰéh₁tom	*h₁rudʰéh₁etes	*h₁rudʰéh₁ih₁tom
3rd dual	*h₁rudʰéh₁tes	*h₁rudʰéh₁tām	*h₁rudʰéh₁tām	*h₁rudʰéh₁etes	*h₁rudʰéh₁ih₁tām
1st plural	*h₁rudʰéh₁mos	*h₁rudʰéh₁me	—	*h₁rudʰéh₁omos	*h₁rudʰéh₁ih₁me
2nd plural	*h₁rudʰéh₁te	*h₁rudʰéh₁te	*h₁rudʰéh₁te	*h₁rudʰéh₁ete	*h₁rudʰéh₁ih₁te
3rd plural	*h₁rudʰéh₁n̥ti	*h₁rudʰéh₁n̥t	*h₁rudʰéh₁n̥tu	*h₁rudʰéh₁onti	*h₁rudʰéh₁ih₁n̥t
Participle	*h₁rudʰéh₁n̥ts

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rudḗˀtei
  • Proto-Slavic: *rъděti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *rudāną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *ruðēō
  • Latin: rubeō

h₂éǵeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematic root present of *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be driving

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*h₂éǵeti
3rd plural	*h₂éǵonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂éǵoh₂	*h₂éǵom	—	*h₂éǵōh₂	*h₂éǵoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₂éǵesi	*h₂éǵes	*h₂éǵe	*h₂éǵēsi	*h₂éǵoys
3rd singular	*h₂éǵeti	*h₂éǵet	*h₂éǵetu	*h₂éǵēti	*h₂éǵoyt
1st dual	*h₂éǵowos	*h₂éǵowe	—	*h₂éǵōwos	*h₂éǵoywe
2nd dual	*h₂éǵetes	*h₂éǵetom	*h₂éǵetom	*h₂éǵētes	*h₂éǵoytom
3rd dual	*h₂éǵetes	*h₂éǵetām	*h₂éǵetām	*h₂éǵētes	*h₂éǵoytām
1st plural	*h₂éǵomos	*h₂éǵome	—	*h₂éǵōmos	*h₂éǵoyme
2nd plural	*h₂éǵete	*h₂éǵete	*h₂éǵete	*h₂éǵēte	*h₂éǵoyte
3rd plural	*h₂éǵonti	*h₂éǵont	*h₂éǵontu	*h₂éǵōnti	*h₂éǵoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*h₂éǵonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂éǵoh₂er	*h₂éǵoh₂e	—	*h₂éǵōh₂er	*h₂éǵoyh₂e
2nd singular	*h₂éǵeth₂er	*h₂éǵeth₂e	*h₂éǵeso	*h₂éǵēth₂er	*h₂éǵoyth₂e
3rd singular	*h₂éǵetor	*h₂éǵeto	*?	*h₂éǵētor	*h₂éǵoyto, *h₂éǵoyh₁o
1st dual	*h₂éǵowosdʰh₂	*h₂éǵowedʰh₂	—	*h₂éǵōwosdʰh₂	*h₂éǵoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*h₂éǵomosdʰh₂	*h₂éǵomedʰh₂	—	*h₂éǵōmosdʰh₂	*h₂éǵoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*h₂éǵedʰh₂we	*h₂éǵedʰh₂we	*h₂éǵedʰh₂we	*h₂éǵēdʰh₂we	*h₂éǵoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*h₂éǵoror, *h₂éǵontor	*h₂éǵoro, *h₂éǵonto	*?	*h₂éǵōror, *h₂éǵōntor	*h₂éǵoyro, *h₂éǵoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*h₂éǵomnos

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: ածեմ (acem)
    • Armenian: ածել (acel)
• Proto-Celtic: *ageti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *akaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *ágō (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ati (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *agō (see there for further descendants)
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian A: ākeñc
  • Tocharian B: āśäṃ

h₂eh₂nóḱe

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

• *h₂neh₂nóḱe

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂neḱ- (“to reach, to attain”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (stative)

1. to have reached, to be at

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*h₂eh₂nóḱe
3rd plural	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂eh₂nóḱh₂e	—	*h₂eh₂néḱoh₂	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₂eh₂nóḱth₂e	*h₂eh₂nóḱ, *h₂eh₂n̥ḱdʰí	*h₂eh₂néḱesi	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱyéh₁s
3rd singular	*h₂eh₂nóḱe	*h₂eh₂nóḱtu	*h₂eh₂néḱeti	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱyéh₁t
1st dual	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱwé	—	*h₂eh₂néḱowos	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱtóm	*h₂eh₂néḱetes	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱtā́m	*h₂eh₂néḱetes	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱih₁tā́m
1st plural	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱmé	—	*h₂eh₂néḱomos	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱih₁mé
2nd plural	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱé	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱté	*h₂eh₂néḱete	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱih₁té
3rd plural	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱḗr	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱéntu	*h₂eh₂néḱonti	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱih₁ént
Participle	*h₂eh₂n̥ḱwṓs

Descendants

• Albanian: kënaq
• Proto-Celtic: *ānonke
  • Old Irish: ·ánaic (past tense of ·icc)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ἤνεγκα (ḗnenka), ἤνεγκον (ḗnenkon) (aorist of φέρω (phérō))
• Italic:
  • Latin: nancīscor
• Proto-Germanic: *ganuganą (*ga- + unattested *nōgaz) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHnā́ća, *HaHnánća
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHnā́śa, *HaHnánśa
    • Sanskrit: अनाश (anā́śa), आनंश (ānáṃśa)

h₂eh₂ógʰe

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂egʰ- (“to be upset, afraid”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (stative)

1. to be upset, afraid

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*h₂eh₂ógʰe
3rd plural	*h₂eh₂gʰḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂eh₂ógʰh₂e	—	*h₂eh₂égʰoh₂	*h₂eh₂gʰyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₂eh₂ógʰth₂e	*h₂eh₂ógʰ, *h₂eh₂gʰdʰí	*h₂eh₂égʰesi	*h₂eh₂gʰyéh₁s
3rd singular	*h₂eh₂ógʰe	*h₂eh₂ógʰtu	*h₂eh₂égʰeti	*h₂eh₂gʰyéh₁t
1st dual	*h₂eh₂gʰwé	—	*h₂eh₂égʰowos	*h₂eh₂gʰih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*h₂eh₂gʰtóm	*h₂eh₂égʰetes	*h₂eh₂gʰih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*h₂eh₂gʰtā́m	*h₂eh₂égʰetes	*h₂eh₂gʰih₁tā́m
1st plural	*h₂eh₂gʰmé	—	*h₂eh₂égʰomos	*h₂eh₂gʰih₁mé
2nd plural	*h₂eh₂gʰé	*h₂eh₂gʰté	*h₂eh₂égʰete	*h₂eh₂gʰih₁té
3rd plural	*h₂eh₂gʰḗr	*h₂eh₂gʰéntu	*h₂eh₂égʰonti	*h₂eh₂gʰih₁ént
Participle	*h₂eh₂gʰwṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *āgetor
  • ⇒ Old Irish: ad·ágathar
• Proto-Germanic: *aganą
  • Gothic: 𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ōgan)

h₂eh₂óyḱe

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, possess, own”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (stative)

1. to possess, to own

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*h₂eh₂óyḱe
3rd plural	*h₂eh₂iḱḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂eh₂óyḱh₂e	—	*h₂eh₂éyḱoh₂	*h₂eh₂iḱyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₂eh₂óyḱth₂e	*h₂eh₂óyḱ, *h₂eh₂iḱdʰí	*h₂eh₂éyḱesi	*h₂eh₂iḱyéh₁s
3rd singular	*h₂eh₂óyḱe	*h₂eh₂óyḱtu	*h₂eh₂éyḱeti	*h₂eh₂iḱyéh₁t
1st dual	*h₂eh₂iḱwé	—	*h₂eh₂éyḱowos	*h₂eh₂iḱih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*h₂eh₂iḱtóm	*h₂eh₂éyḱetes	*h₂eh₂iḱih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*h₂eh₂iḱtā́m	*h₂eh₂éyḱetes	*h₂eh₂iḱih₁tā́m
1st plural	*h₂eh₂iḱmé	—	*h₂eh₂éyḱomos	*h₂eh₂iḱih₁mé
2nd plural	*h₂eh₂iḱé	*h₂eh₂iḱté	*h₂eh₂éyḱete	*h₂eh₂iḱih₁té
3rd plural	*h₂eh₂iḱḗr	*h₂eh₂iḱéntu	*h₂eh₂éyḱonti	*h₂eh₂iḱih₁ént
Participle	*h₂eh₂iḱwṓs

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *aiganą (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HíHćay, *HíHštay
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HíHśay, *HíHṣṭay
    • Sanskrit: ईशे (ī́śe), ईष्टे (ī́ṣṭe)
  • Proto-Iranian: *HíHcay, *HíHštay
    • Avestan: 𐬌𐬯𐬉 (isē), 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬈 (ište)

h₂életi

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematic root present of *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be nourishing

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*h₂életi
3rd plural	*h₂élonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂éloh₂	*h₂élom	—	*h₂élōh₂	*h₂éloyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₂élesi	*h₂éles	*h₂éle	*h₂élēsi	*h₂éloys
3rd singular	*h₂életi	*h₂élet	*h₂életu	*h₂élēti	*h₂éloyt
1st dual	*h₂élowos	*h₂élowe	—	*h₂élōwos	*h₂éloywe
2nd dual	*h₂életes	*h₂életom	*h₂életom	*h₂élētes	*h₂éloytom
3rd dual	*h₂életes	*h₂életām	*h₂életām	*h₂élētes	*h₂éloytām
1st plural	*h₂élomos	*h₂élome	—	*h₂élōmos	*h₂éloyme
2nd plural	*h₂élete	*h₂élete	*h₂élete	*h₂élēte	*h₂éloyte
3rd plural	*h₂élonti	*h₂élont	*h₂élontu	*h₂élōnti	*h₂éloyh₁n̥t
Participle	*h₂élonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂éloh₂er	*h₂éloh₂e	—	*h₂élōh₂er	*h₂éloyh₂e
2nd singular	*h₂életh₂er	*h₂életh₂e	*h₂éleso	*h₂élēth₂er	*h₂éloyth₂e
3rd singular	*h₂életor	*h₂életo	*?	*h₂élētor	*h₂éloyto, *h₂éloyh₁o
1st dual	*h₂élowosdʰh₂	*h₂élowedʰh₂	—	*h₂élōwosdʰh₂	*h₂éloywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*h₂élomosdʰh₂	*h₂élomedʰh₂	—	*h₂élōmosdʰh₂	*h₂éloymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*h₂éledʰh₂we	*h₂éledʰh₂we	*h₂éledʰh₂we	*h₂élēdʰh₂we	*h₂éloydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*h₂éloror, *h₂élontor	*h₂éloro, *h₂élonto	*?	*h₂élōror, *h₂élōntor	*h₂éloyro, *h₂éloyh₁n̥to
Participle	*h₂élomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *aleti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *alaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *alō
  • Latin: alō

h₂énh₁ti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root present of *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to breathe

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*h₂énh₁ti
3rd plural	*h₂n̥h₁énti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂énh₁mi	*h₂énh₁m̥	—	*h₂énh₁oh₂	*h₂n̥h₁yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₂énh₁si	*h₂énh₁s	*h₂énh₁, *h₂n̥h₁dʰí	*h₂énh₁esi	*h₂n̥h₁yéh₁s
3rd singular	*h₂énh₁ti	*h₂énh₁t	*h₂énh₁tu	*h₂énh₁eti	*h₂n̥h₁yéh₁t
1st dual	*h₂n̥h₁wós	*h₂n̥h₁wé	—	*h₂énh₁owos	*h₂n̥h₁ih₁wé
2nd dual	*h₂n̥h₁tés	*h₂n̥h₁tóm	*h₂n̥h₁tóm	*h₂énh₁etes	*h₂n̥h₁ih₁tóm
3rd dual	*h₂n̥h₁tés	*h₂n̥h₁tā́m	*h₂n̥h₁tā́m	*h₂énh₁etes	*h₂n̥h₁ih₁tā́m
1st plural	*h₂n̥h₁mós	*h₂n̥h₁mé	—	*h₂énh₁omos	*h₂n̥h₁ih₁mé
2nd plural	*h₂n̥h₁té	*h₂n̥h₁té	*h₂n̥h₁té	*h₂énh₁ete	*h₂n̥h₁ih₁té
3rd plural	*h₂n̥h₁énti	*h₂n̥h₁ént	*h₂n̥h₁éntu	*h₂énh₁onti	*h₂n̥h₁ih₁ént
Participle	*h₂n̥h₁ónts

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *anati (“to remain”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *ananą (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HánHti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HánHti
    • Sanskrit: अनिति (ániti)
  • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wyaHnás (suffixed with *wi-)
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wyaHnás
      • Sanskrit: व्यान (vyāna)
        • → Telugu: వ్యానము (vyānamu)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Central:
        • Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁 (viiānaiiā)
      • Western:
        • Northwestern:
          • Kurdish:

            Central Kurdish: گیان (gyan)

            Northern Kurdish: giyan

            Southern Kurdish: گیان (gyan)

        • Southwestern:
          • Old Persian:
            • Middle Persian:

              Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gyān /⁠HYA, yʾn'⁠/)

              Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (gyān /⁠gyʾn⁠/)

              • Persian: جان (jân) (see there for further descendants)

h₂éryeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”) +‎ *-yeti, with regular deletion of the laryngeal between a consonant and *y (Pinault's law).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be ploughing

Alternative reconstructions

• *h₂érh₃yeti

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*h₂éryeti
3rd plural	*h₂éryonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂éryoh₂	*h₂éryom	—	*h₂éryōh₂	*h₂éryoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₂éryesi	*h₂éryes	*h₂érye	*h₂éryēsi	*h₂éryoys
3rd singular	*h₂éryeti	*h₂éryet	*h₂éryetu	*h₂éryēti	*h₂éryoyt
1st dual	*h₂éryowos	*h₂éryowe	—	*h₂éryōwos	*h₂éryoywe
2nd dual	*h₂éryetes	*h₂éryetom	*h₂éryetom	*h₂éryētes	*h₂éryoytom
3rd dual	*h₂éryetes	*h₂éryetām	*h₂éryetām	*h₂éryētes	*h₂éryoytām
1st plural	*h₂éryomos	*h₂éryome	—	*h₂éryōmos	*h₂éryoyme
2nd plural	*h₂éryete	*h₂éryete	*h₂éryete	*h₂éryēte	*h₂éryoyte
3rd plural	*h₂éryonti	*h₂éryont	*h₂éryontu	*h₂éryōnti	*h₂éryoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*h₂éryonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂éryoh₂er	*h₂éryoh₂e	—	*h₂éryōh₂er	*h₂éryoyh₂e
2nd singular	*h₂éryeth₂er	*h₂éryeth₂e	*h₂éryeso	*h₂éryēth₂er	*h₂éryoyth₂e
3rd singular	*h₂éryetor	*h₂éryeto	*?	*h₂éryētor	*h₂éryoyto, *h₂éryoyh₁o
1st dual	*h₂éryowosdʰh₂	*h₂éryowedʰh₂	—	*h₂éryōwosdʰh₂	*h₂éryoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*h₂éryomosdʰh₂	*h₂éryomedʰh₂	—	*h₂éryōmosdʰh₂	*h₂éryoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*h₂éryedʰh₂we	*h₂éryedʰh₂we	*h₂éryedʰh₂we	*h₂éryēdʰh₂we	*h₂éryoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*h₂éryoror, *h₂éryontor	*h₂éryoro, *h₂éryonto	*?	*h₂éryōror, *h₂éryōntor	*h₂éryoyro, *h₂éryoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*h₂éryomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *árˀtei
  • Latvian: ar̂t
  • Lithuanian: árti
  • Proto-Slavic: *orati (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *aryeti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *arjaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *aroyō (with restored laryngeal)
  • Ancient Greek: ἀρόω (aróō)
• Proto-Italic: *araō (with restored laryngeal)
  • Latin: arō (see there for further descendants)

h₂ḱh₂owsyéti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) +‎ *h₂ṓws (“ear”) and +‎ *-yéti (denominative verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be sharp-eared, to hear well

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic, active only
3rd singular	*h₂ḱh₂owsyéti
3rd plural	*h₂ḱh₂owsyónti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂ḱh₂owsyóh₂	*h₂ḱh₂owsyóm	—	*h₂ḱh₂owsyṓh₂	*h₂ḱh₂owsyóyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₂ḱh₂owsyési	*h₂ḱh₂owsyés	*h₂ḱh₂owsyé	*h₂ḱh₂owsyḗsi	*h₂ḱh₂owsyóys
3rd singular	*h₂ḱh₂owsyéti	*h₂ḱh₂owsyét	*h₂ḱh₂owsyétu	*h₂ḱh₂owsyḗti	*h₂ḱh₂owsyóyt
1st dual	*h₂ḱh₂owsyówos	*h₂ḱh₂owsyówe	—	*h₂ḱh₂owsyṓwos	*h₂ḱh₂owsyóywe
2nd dual	*h₂ḱh₂owsyétes	*h₂ḱh₂owsyétom	*h₂ḱh₂owsyétom	*h₂ḱh₂owsyḗtes	*h₂ḱh₂owsyóytom
3rd dual	*h₂ḱh₂owsyétes	*h₂ḱh₂owsyétām	*h₂ḱh₂owsyétām	*h₂ḱh₂owsyḗtes	*h₂ḱh₂owsyóytām
1st plural	*h₂ḱh₂owsyómos	*h₂ḱh₂owsyóme	—	*h₂ḱh₂owsyṓmos	*h₂ḱh₂owsyóyme
2nd plural	*h₂ḱh₂owsyéte	*h₂ḱh₂owsyéte	*h₂ḱh₂owsyéte	*h₂ḱh₂owsyḗte	*h₂ḱh₂owsyóyte
3rd plural	*h₂ḱh₂owsyónti	*h₂ḱh₂owsyónt	*h₂ḱh₂owsyóntu	*h₂ḱh₂owsyṓnti	*h₂ḱh₂owsyóyh₁n̥t
Participle	*h₂ḱh₂owsyónts

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *hauzijaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *akouhō (see there for further descendants)
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian B: āks- (“to awaken”) (possibly)

References

• Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[43], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

h₂lékseti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₂lek- (“to protect”) +‎ *-seti.

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be protecting

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*h₂lékseti
3rd plural	*h₂léksonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂léksoh₂	*h₂léksom	—	*h₂léksōh₂	*h₂léksoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₂léksesi	*h₂lékses	*h₂lékse	*h₂léksēsi	*h₂léksoys
3rd singular	*h₂lékseti	*h₂lékset	*h₂léksetu	*h₂léksēti	*h₂léksoyt
1st dual	*h₂léksowos	*h₂léksowe	—	*h₂léksōwos	*h₂léksoywe
2nd dual	*h₂léksetes	*h₂léksetom	*h₂léksetom	*h₂léksētes	*h₂léksoytom
3rd dual	*h₂léksetes	*h₂léksetām	*h₂léksetām	*h₂léksētes	*h₂léksoytām
1st plural	*h₂léksomos	*h₂léksome	—	*h₂léksōmos	*h₂léksoyme
2nd plural	*h₂léksete	*h₂léksete	*h₂léksete	*h₂léksēte	*h₂léksoyte
3rd plural	*h₂léksonti	*h₂léksont	*h₂léksontu	*h₂léksōnti	*h₂léksoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*h₂léksonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂léksoh₂er	*h₂léksoh₂e	—	*h₂léksōh₂er	*h₂léksoyh₂e
2nd singular	*h₂lékseth₂er	*h₂lékseth₂e	*h₂lékseso	*h₂léksēth₂er	*h₂léksoyth₂e
3rd singular	*h₂léksetor	*h₂lékseto	*?	*h₂léksētor	*h₂léksoyto, *h₂léksoyh₁o
1st dual	*h₂léksowosdʰh₂	*h₂léksowedʰh₂	—	*h₂léksōwosdʰh₂	*h₂léksoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*h₂léksomosdʰh₂	*h₂léksomedʰh₂	—	*h₂léksōmosdʰh₂	*h₂léksoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*h₂léksedʰh₂we	*h₂léksedʰh₂we	*h₂léksedʰh₂we	*h₂léksēdʰh₂we	*h₂léksoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*h₂léksoror, *h₂léksontor	*h₂léksoro, *h₂léksonto	*?	*h₂léksōror, *h₂léksōntor	*h₂léksoyro, *h₂léksoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*h₂léksomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic: *aléksō
  • Ancient Greek: ἀλέξω (aléxō), ἀλέκω (alékō)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrákšati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrákṣati
    • Sanskrit: रक्षति (rákṣati) (see there for further descendants)

h₂wḗh₁ti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic Narten root present of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to blow (of wind)

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*h₂wḗh₁ti
3rd plural	*h₂wéh₁n̥ti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂wḗh₁mi	*h₂wḗh₁m̥	—	*h₂wḗh₁oh₂	*h₂wéh₁yeh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₂wḗh₁si	*h₂wḗh₁s	*h₂wḗh₁, *h₂wéh₁dʰi	*h₂wḗh₁esi	*h₂wéh₁yeh₁s
3rd singular	*h₂wḗh₁ti	*h₂wḗh₁t	*h₂wḗh₁tu	*h₂wḗh₁eti	*h₂wéh₁yeh₁t
1st dual	*h₂wéh₁wos	*h₂wéh₁we	—	*h₂wḗh₁owos	*h₂wéh₁ih₁we
2nd dual	*h₂wéh₁tes	*h₂wéh₁tom	*h₂wéh₁tom	*h₂wḗh₁etes	*h₂wéh₁ih₁tom
3rd dual	*h₂wéh₁tes	*h₂wéh₁tām	*h₂wéh₁tām	*h₂wḗh₁etes	*h₂wéh₁ih₁tām
1st plural	*h₂wéh₁mos	*h₂wéh₁me	—	*h₂wḗh₁omos	*h₂wéh₁ih₁me
2nd plural	*h₂wéh₁te	*h₂wéh₁te	*h₂wéh₁te	*h₂wḗh₁ete	*h₂wéh₁ih₁te
3rd plural	*h₂wéh₁n̥ti	*h₂wéh₁n̥t	*h₂wéh₁n̥tu	*h₂wḗh₁onti	*h₂wéh₁ih₁n̥t
Participle	*h₂wéh₁n̥ts

Derived terms

• *h₂wéh₁n̥ts

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *wēaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *awēmi (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwā́ti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwā́ti
    • Sanskrit: वाति (vā́ti)
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hwā́tī
    • Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vāⁱti)

h₃méyǵʰeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematic root present of *h₃meyǵʰ- (“to urinate”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be urinating

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic, active only
3rd singular	*h₃méyǵʰeti
3rd plural	*h₃méyǵʰonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₃méyǵʰoh₂	*h₃méyǵʰom	—	*h₃méyǵʰōh₂	*h₃méyǵʰoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₃méyǵʰesi	*h₃méyǵʰes	*h₃méyǵʰe	*h₃méyǵʰēsi	*h₃méyǵʰoys
3rd singular	*h₃méyǵʰeti	*h₃méyǵʰet	*h₃méyǵʰetu	*h₃méyǵʰēti	*h₃méyǵʰoyt
1st dual	*h₃méyǵʰowos	*h₃méyǵʰowe	—	*h₃méyǵʰōwos	*h₃méyǵʰoywe
2nd dual	*h₃méyǵʰetes	*h₃méyǵʰetom	*h₃méyǵʰetom	*h₃méyǵʰētes	*h₃méyǵʰoytom
3rd dual	*h₃méyǵʰetes	*h₃méyǵʰetām	*h₃méyǵʰetām	*h₃méyǵʰētes	*h₃méyǵʰoytām
1st plural	*h₃méyǵʰomos	*h₃méyǵʰome	—	*h₃méyǵʰōmos	*h₃méyǵʰoyme
2nd plural	*h₃méyǵʰete	*h₃méyǵʰete	*h₃méyǵʰete	*h₃méyǵʰēte	*h₃méyǵʰoyte
3rd plural	*h₃méyǵʰonti	*h₃méyǵʰont	*h₃méyǵʰontu	*h₃méyǵʰōnti	*h₃méyǵʰoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*h₃méyǵʰonts

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *miźtei
  • Latgalian: meizt'
  • Latvian: mīzt
  • Lithuanian: mȳžti
  • Proto-Slavic: *mižati, *mьzěti
    • South Slavic:
      • Serbo-Croatian: mìžati (dialectal)
      • Slovene: məzẹ́ti
• Proto-Germanic: *mīganą (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *oméikʰō
  • Ancient Greek: ὀμείχω (omeíkhō)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmáyȷ́ʰati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmáyźʰati
    • Sanskrit: मेहति (méhati) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hmáyjati
    • Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬌 (maēsati)
    • Northern Kurdish: mîstin

h₃roǵéyeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”) +‎ *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to straighten, to make straight, to cause to be straight

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*h₃roǵéyeti
3rd plural	*h₃roǵéyonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₃roǵéyoh₂	*h₃roǵéyom	—	*h₃roǵéyōh₂	*h₃roǵéyoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₃roǵéyesi	*h₃roǵéyes	*h₃roǵéye	*h₃roǵéyēsi	*h₃roǵéyoys
3rd singular	*h₃roǵéyeti	*h₃roǵéyet	*h₃roǵéyetu	*h₃roǵéyēti	*h₃roǵéyoyt
1st dual	*h₃roǵéyowos	*h₃roǵéyowe	—	*h₃roǵéyōwos	*h₃roǵéyoywe
2nd dual	*h₃roǵéyetes	*h₃roǵéyetom	*h₃roǵéyetom	*h₃roǵéyētes	*h₃roǵéyoytom
3rd dual	*h₃roǵéyetes	*h₃roǵéyetām	*h₃roǵéyetām	*h₃roǵéyētes	*h₃roǵéyoytām
1st plural	*h₃roǵéyomos	*h₃roǵéyome	—	*h₃roǵéyōmos	*h₃roǵéyoyme
2nd plural	*h₃roǵéyete	*h₃roǵéyete	*h₃roǵéyete	*h₃roǵéyēte	*h₃roǵéyoyte
3rd plural	*h₃roǵéyonti	*h₃roǵéyont	*h₃roǵéyontu	*h₃roǵéyōnti	*h₃roǵéyoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*h₃roǵéyonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₃roǵéyoh₂er	*h₃roǵéyoh₂e	—	*h₃roǵéyōh₂er	*h₃roǵéyoyh₂e
2nd singular	*h₃roǵéyeth₂er	*h₃roǵéyeth₂e	*h₃roǵéyeso	*h₃roǵéyēth₂er	*h₃roǵéyoyth₂e
3rd singular	*h₃roǵéyetor	*h₃roǵéyeto	*?	*h₃roǵéyētor	*h₃roǵéyoyto, *h₃roǵéyoyh₁o
1st dual	*h₃roǵéyowosdʰh₂	*h₃roǵéyowedʰh₂	—	*h₃roǵéyōwosdʰh₂	*h₃roǵéyoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*h₃roǵéyomosdʰh₂	*h₃roǵéyomedʰh₂	—	*h₃roǵéyōmosdʰh₂	*h₃roǵéyoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*h₃roǵéyedʰh₂we	*h₃roǵéyedʰh₂we	*h₃roǵéyedʰh₂we	*h₃roǵéyēdʰh₂we	*h₃roǵéyoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*h₃roǵéyoror, *h₃roǵéyontor	*h₃roǵéyoro, *h₃roǵéyonto	*?	*h₃roǵéyōror, *h₃roǵéyōntor	*h₃roǵéyoyro, *h₃roǵéyoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*h₃roǵéyomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *rogīti
• Proto-Germanic: *rakjaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrāȷ́áyati
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hrājáyati
    • Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬈 (rāzaiieⁱte, “to direct, lead”)

h₃yébʰeti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematic root present of *h₃yebʰ- (“to enter into, penetrate; to copulate”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to copulate, have sex

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*h₃yébʰeti
3rd plural	*h₃yébʰonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₃yébʰoh₂	*h₃yébʰom	—	*h₃yébʰōh₂	*h₃yébʰoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₃yébʰesi	*h₃yébʰes	*h₃yébʰe	*h₃yébʰēsi	*h₃yébʰoys
3rd singular	*h₃yébʰeti	*h₃yébʰet	*h₃yébʰetu	*h₃yébʰēti	*h₃yébʰoyt
1st dual	*h₃yébʰowos	*h₃yébʰowe	—	*h₃yébʰōwos	*h₃yébʰoywe
2nd dual	*h₃yébʰetes	*h₃yébʰetom	*h₃yébʰetom	*h₃yébʰētes	*h₃yébʰoytom
3rd dual	*h₃yébʰetes	*h₃yébʰetām	*h₃yébʰetām	*h₃yébʰētes	*h₃yébʰoytām
1st plural	*h₃yébʰomos	*h₃yébʰome	—	*h₃yébʰōmos	*h₃yébʰoyme
2nd plural	*h₃yébʰete	*h₃yébʰete	*h₃yébʰete	*h₃yébʰēte	*h₃yébʰoyte
3rd plural	*h₃yébʰonti	*h₃yébʰont	*h₃yébʰontu	*h₃yébʰōnti	*h₃yébʰoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*h₃yébʰonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₃yébʰoh₂er	*h₃yébʰoh₂e	—	*h₃yébʰōh₂er	*h₃yébʰoyh₂e
2nd singular	*h₃yébʰeth₂er	*h₃yébʰeth₂e	*h₃yébʰeso	*h₃yébʰēth₂er	*h₃yébʰoyth₂e
3rd singular	*h₃yébʰetor	*h₃yébʰeto	*?	*h₃yébʰētor	*h₃yébʰoyto, *h₃yébʰoyh₁o
1st dual	*h₃yébʰowosdʰh₂	*h₃yébʰowedʰh₂	—	*h₃yébʰōwosdʰh₂	*h₃yébʰoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*h₃yébʰomosdʰh₂	*h₃yébʰomedʰh₂	—	*h₃yébʰōmosdʰh₂	*h₃yébʰoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*h₃yébʰedʰh₂we	*h₃yébʰedʰh₂we	*h₃yébʰedʰh₂we	*h₃yébʰēdʰh₂we	*h₃yébʰoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*h₃yébʰoror, *h₃yébʰontor	*h₃yébʰoro, *h₃yébʰonto	*?	*h₃yébʰōror, *h₃yébʰōntor	*h₃yébʰoyro, *h₃yébʰoyh₁n̥to
Participle	*h₃yébʰomnos

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jebtei
  • Proto-Slavic: *jetì; *jebàti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *oyépʰō
  • Ancient Greek: οἴφω (oíphō)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyábʰati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyábʰati
    • Sanskrit: यभति (yábhati)
      • Dardic:
        • Kalasha: žạ́wik
      • Sauraseni Prakrit:
        • Punjabi: جَڈّھَنا (jaḍḍhanā) / ਜੱਢਣਾ (jaḍḍhaṇā)
        • Saraiki: یَہَݨ (yahaṇ), یَبَّھݨ (yabbahṇ)
      • Maharastri Prakrit:
        • Marathi: झवणे (jhavṇe)
        • Konkani: झव्चे (zhavce)

Hréwpt

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root aorist of *Hrewp- (“to break, tear up”).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)

1. to break

Inflection

Perfective, athematic
3rd singular	*Hréwpt
3rd plural	*Hrupént
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*Hréwpm̥	—	*Hréwpoh₂	*Hrupyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*Hréwps	*Hréwp, *Hrupdʰí	*Hréwpesi	*Hrupyéh₁s
3rd singular	*Hréwpt	*Hréwptu	*Hréwpeti	*Hrupyéh₁t
1st dual	*Hrupwé	—	*Hréwpowos	*Hrupih₁wé
2nd dual	*Hruptóm	*Hruptóm	*Hréwpetes	*Hrupih₁tóm
3rd dual	*Hruptā́m	*Hruptā́m	*Hréwpetes	*Hrupih₁tā́m
1st plural	*Hrupmé	—	*Hréwpomos	*Hrupih₁mé
2nd plural	*Hrupté	*Hrupté	*Hréwpete	*Hrupih₁té
3rd plural	*Hrupént	*Hrupéntu	*Hréwponti	*Hrupih₁ént
Participle	*Hrupónts
Middle voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*Hruph₂é	—	*Hréwpoh₂er	*Hrupih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*Hrupth₂é	*Hrupsó	*Hréwpeth₂er	*Hrupih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*Hruptó, *Hrupó	*?	*Hréwpetor	*Hrupih₁tó, *Hrupih₁ó
1st dual	*Hrupwédʰh₂	—	*Hréwpowosdʰh₂	*Hrupih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*Hrupmédʰh₂	—	*Hréwpomosdʰh₂	*Hrupih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*Hrupdʰh₂wé	*Hrupdʰh₂wé	*Hréwpedʰh₂we	*Hrupih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*Hrupró, *Hrupn̥tó	*?	*Hréwporor, *Hréwpontor	*Hrupih₁ró, *Hrupih₁n̥tó
Participle	*Hrupm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *reufaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárawpt
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárawpt
    • Sanskrit: अलुपत् (álupat), अलुप्त (álupta) (perhaps)
• Proto-Italic: *roupai
  • Latin: rūpī

Hrunépti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *Hrewp- (“to break, tear up”) +‎ *-né- (nasal infix).

Verb

*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)

1. to be breaking

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*Hrunépti
3rd plural	*Hrumpénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*Hrunépmi	*Hrunépm̥	—	*Hrunépoh₂	*Hrumpyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*Hrunépsi	*Hrunéps	*Hrunép, *Hrumpdʰí	*Hrunépesi	*Hrumpyéh₁s
3rd singular	*Hrunépti	*Hrunépt	*Hrunéptu	*Hrunépeti	*Hrumpyéh₁t
1st dual	*Hrumpwós	*Hrumpwé	—	*Hrunépowos	*Hrumpih₁wé
2nd dual	*Hrumptés	*Hrumptóm	*Hrumptóm	*Hrunépetes	*Hrumpih₁tóm
3rd dual	*Hrumptés	*Hrumptā́m	*Hrumptā́m	*Hrunépetes	*Hrumpih₁tā́m
1st plural	*Hrumpmós	*Hrumpmé	—	*Hrunépomos	*Hrumpih₁mé
2nd plural	*Hrumpté	*Hrumpté	*Hrumpté	*Hrunépete	*Hrumpih₁té
3rd plural	*Hrumpénti	*Hrumpént	*Hrumpéntu	*Hrunéponti	*Hrumpih₁ént
Participle	*Hrumpónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*Hrumph₂ér	*Hrumph₂é	—	*Hrunépoh₂er	*Hrumpih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*Hrumpth₂ér	*Hrumpth₂é	*Hrumpsó	*Hrunépeth₂er	*Hrumpih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*Hrumptór, *Hrumpór	*Hrumptó, *Hrumpó	*?	*Hrunépetor	*Hrumpih₁tó, *Hrumpih₁ó
1st dual	*Hrumpwósdʰh₂	*Hrumpwédʰh₂	—	*Hrunépowosdʰh₂	*Hrumpih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*Hrumpmósdʰh₂	*Hrumpmédʰh₂	—	*Hrunépomosdʰh₂	*Hrumpih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*Hrumpdʰh₂wé	*Hrumpdʰh₂wé	*Hrumpdʰh₂wé	*Hrunépedʰh₂we	*Hrumpih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*Hrumprór, *Hrumpn̥tór	*Hrumpró, *Hrumpn̥tó	*?	*Hrunéporor, *Hrunépontor	*Hrumpih₁ró, *Hrumpih₁n̥tó
Participle	*Hrumpm̥h₁nós

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrumpáti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrumpáti
    • Sanskrit: लुम्पति (lumpáti), लुम्पते (lumpáte)
• Proto-Italic: *rumpō
  • Latin: rumpō (see there for further descendants)