含

Translingual

Han character

含 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓口 (OINR), four-corner 8060₂, composition ⿱今口)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 178, character 14
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3350
• Dae Jaweon: page 395, character 19
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 592, character 1
• Unihan data for U+542B

---

Chinese

trad.		含
simp. #		含
alternative forms		涵

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 含
Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (今) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
貪	*kʰl'uːm
嗿	*l̥ʰuːmʔ
僋	*l̥ʰuːms, *luːms
酓	*qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms
馠	*qʰɯːm
谽	*qʰɯːm
唅	*qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms
含	*ɡɯːm
肣	*ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ
頷	*ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ
筨	*ɡɯːm
梒	*ɡɯːm
鋡	*ɡɯːm
莟	*ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms
琀	*ɡɯːms
浛	*ɡɯːms
盦	*qɯːm, *qaːb
韽	*qɯːm, *qrɯːms
玪	*krɯːm
妗	*qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms
欦	*qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm
黔	*ɡram, *ɡrɯm
鈐	*ɡram
鳹	*ɡram
雂	*ɡram, *ɡrɯm
念	*nɯːms
梣	*sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm
枔	*sɢrɯm
岑	*sɡrɯm
笒	*sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms
涔	*sɡrɯm
侺	*ɡjɯms
今	*krɯm
黅	*krɯm
衿	*krɯm
衾	*kʰrɯm
坅	*kʰrɯmʔ
搇	*kʰrɯms
琴	*ɡrɯm
禽	*ɡrɯm
芩	*ɡrɯm
庈	*ɡrɯm
耹	*ɡrɯm
靲	*ɡrɯm
擒	*ɡrɯm
檎	*ɡrɯm
紟	*ɡrɯms
吟	*ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms
訡	*ŋɡrɯm
廞	*qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ
陰	*qrɯm
霠
飲	*qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms
蔭	*qrɯms
廕	*qrɯms
矜	*ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯːm) : phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 口 (“mouth”).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hán, hén (han², hen²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ, ㄏㄣˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ham⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hàm
• Eastern Min (BUC): gàng / hàng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kâm / kâⁿ / hâm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kam⁵ / ham⁵

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶ghoe

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hán
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hán
    • Wade–Giles: han²
    • Yale: hán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
    • Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xän³⁵/
      
  • (Beijing dialect)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hén
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hén
    • Wade–Giles: hên²
    • Yale: hén
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hern
    • Palladius: хэнь (xɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xən³⁵/

Note: hén - "to hold or keep; to hold or keep in the mouth".

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ham⁴
    • Yale: hàhm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ham⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: hem⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐm²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàm
    • Hakka Romanization System: hamˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ham²
    • Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gàng / hàng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ⁵³/, /haŋ⁵³/

Note:

• gàng - vernacular;
• hàng - literary.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kâm / kâⁿ / hâm
    • Tâi-lô: kâm / kânn / hâm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kaam, kvaa, haam
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kam²⁴/, /kã²⁴/, /ham²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kam²⁴/, /kã²⁴/, /ham²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kam¹³/, /kã¹³/, /ham¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kam²⁴/, /kã²⁴/, /ham²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kam²³/, /kã²³/, /ham²³/

Note:

• kâm/kâⁿ - vernacular;
• hâm - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: kam⁵ / ham⁵
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khâm / hâm
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰam⁵⁵/, /ham⁵⁵/

Note:

• kam5 - vernacular;
• ham5 - literary.

• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁶ghoe
    • MiniDict: ghoe^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhoe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦø²³/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 含
Mandarin	Beijing	/xan³⁵/
	Harbin	/xan²⁴/
	Tianjin	/xan⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/xã⁴²/
	Qingdao	/xã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/xan⁴²/
	Xi'an	/xã²⁴/
	Xining	/xã²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/xan⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/xɛ̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/xan⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/xan²¹³/
	Chengdu	/xan³¹/
	Guiyang	/xan²¹/
	Kunming	/xã̠³¹/
	Nanjing	/xaŋ²⁴/
	Hefei	/xæ̃⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xæ̃¹¹/
	Pingyao	/xɑŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/xæ̃³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦø²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦø¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦẽ̞²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ɦø³¹/ /gaŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/xɛ⁴⁴/ /kʰɛ⁴⁴/
	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/xan¹³/
	Xiangtan	/ɦan¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/hɵn²⁴/
Hakka	Meixian	/ham¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/hɑm¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɐm²¹/
	Nanning	/hɐm²¹/
	Hong Kong	/hɐm²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/ham³⁵/ /kam³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kaŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/aŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ham⁵⁵/ /kam⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ham³¹/ /kam³¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: hom

Rime
Character	含
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	覃 (159)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡男切
Baxter	hom
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦʌm/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦəm/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɒm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəm/
Li Rong	/ɣᴀm/
Wang Li	/ɣɒm/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣăm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ham4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-m-kˤ[ə]m/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	含
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hán
Middle Chinese	‹ hom ›
Old Chinese	/*Cə-m-kˁ[ə]m/
English	hold in the mouth
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	含
Reading #	1/1
No.	6560
Phonetic component	今
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	含
Old Chinese	/*ɡɯːm/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 含

1. to hold or keep in the mouth

   含住支煙／含住支烟 [Cantonese]  ―  ham⁴ zyu⁶ zi¹ jin¹ [Jyutping]  ―  to hold a cigarette in the mouth

2. to bear; to endure
3. to contain inside; to comprise; to include

   含鉛油漆／含铅油漆  ―  hánqiān yóuqī  ―  lead paint

   眼裡含著淚／眼里含着泪  ―  yǎnlǐ hánzhe lèi  ―  tears in the eyes

4. to harbor (emotion); to nurse; to endure; to hold back

   含恨  ―  hánhèn  ―  to nurse hatred

5. a surname

Synonyms

• (to hold in the mouth): 銜／衔 (xián)

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hàn (han⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˋ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hàn
    • Wade–Giles: han⁴
    • Yale: hàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hann
    • Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xän⁵¹/

---

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-m-[k]ˤ[ə]m-s/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	含
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hán
Middle Chinese	‹ homH ›
Old Chinese	/*Cə-m-[k]ˁ[ə]m-s/
English	to put in the mouth
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 含

1. ^† Original form of 琀 (hán, “gems and pearls stuffed into a corpse's mouth”).
2. ^† to put gems and pearls into a corpse's mouth

(deprecated template usage)

---

Japanese

Kanji

含

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: ごん (gon)
• Kan-on: かん (kan)
• Kan’yō-on: がん (gan, Jōyō)
• Kun: ふくむ (fukumu, 含む, Jōyō); ふくめる (fukumeru, 含める, Jōyō)

---

Korean

Hanja

含 (eumhun 머금을 함 (meogeumeul ham))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

---

Vietnamese

Han character

含: Hán Nôm readings: hàm

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.