砧

See also: 碪

Translingual

Han character

砧 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一口卜口 (MRYR), four-corner 1166₀, composition ⿰石占)

Derived characters

• 𬊲

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 828, character 43
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24099
• Dae Jaweon: page 1243, character 22
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2423, character 1
• Unihan data for U+7827

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		砧
alternative forms		碪／砧 椹

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 砧
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (占) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
頕	*taːm
煔	*ɦlaːm, *hljems, *hl'eːms
炶	*ɦlaːm
詀	*rteːm, *rdeːms, *teːm, *tʰjeb
站	*rteːms
檆	*sreːm
黏	*nem
粘	*nem
枮	*slem, *ʔl'ɯm
霑	*tem
沾	*tem, *teːms, *tʰeːm
覘	*tems, *tʰem
鉆	*tʰem, *ɡrem, *tʰeːb
占	*ʔljem, *tjems
颭	*tjemʔ
佔	*tjems, *teːm
苫	*hljem, *hljems
痁	*hljem, *teːms
蛅	*njem
阽	*lem
敁	*teːm
掂	*tiːm
點	*teːmʔ
玷	*teːmʔ, *teːms
店	*tiːms
坫	*tiːms, *tim
黇	*tʰeːm
扂	*deːmʔ
拈	*neːm
鮎	*neːm
砧	*ʔl'ɯm
笘	*teːb
跕	*teːb, *tʰeːb
貼	*tʰeːb
帖	*tʰeːb
怗	*tʰeːb
呫	*tʰeːb

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔl'ɯm) : semantic 石 + phonetic 占 (OC *ʔljem, *tjems).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhēn (zhen¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄣ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zam¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tiâm
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tiam / tim

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhēn
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄣ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhen
    • Wade–Giles: chên¹
    • Yale: jēn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jen
    • Palladius: чжэнь (čžɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zam¹
    • Yale: jām
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzam¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: zem¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐm⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tiâm
    • Hakka Romanization System: diam´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: diam¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ti̯am²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiam
    • Tâi-lô: tiam
    • Phofsit Daibuun: diafm
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tiam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tiam³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tim
    • Tâi-lô: tim
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dym
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tim⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tim³³/

Note:

• tim - literary;
• tiam - vernacular.

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• Middle Chinese: trim

Rime
Character	砧
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	知林切
Baxter	trim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈˠiɪm/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈᵚim/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiem/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈjim/
Li Rong	/ȶjəm/
Wang Li	/ȶĭĕm/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯əm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhēn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zam1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ʔl'ɯm/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	砧
Reading #	1/1
No.	16734
Phonetic component	占
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	碪
Old Chinese	/*ʔl'ɯm/
Notes	同碪見漢賦

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 砧

1. base for beating or chopping
   1. stone base for beating clothes
   2. anvil
   3. base for cutting or lethal sentence
2. base in general
3. (Hakka) to hold one's hands in closed fists and to strike with phalanx

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Japanese

Kanji

砧

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: ちん (chin)^{←ちむ (timu, historical)}
• Kan-on: ちん (chin)^{←ちむ (timu, historical)}
• Kun: きぬた (kinuta)

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Korean

Hanja

砧 • (chim) (hangeul 침, revised chim, McCune–Reischauer ch'im, Yale chim)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 砧 (châm)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Nôm: châm

References

• Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
• Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
• Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999