軍

See also: 军

Translingual

Han character

軍 (Kangxi radical 159, 車+2, 9 strokes, cangjie input 月十田十 (BJWJ), four-corner 3750₆, composition ⿱冖車)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1239, character 11
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38179
• Dae Jaweon: page 1713, character 7
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3513, character 2
• Unihan data for U+8ECD

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Chinese

trad.		軍
simp.		军
alternative forms		𠣞

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 軍
Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (軍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
揮	*qʰul
輝	*qʰul
翬	*qʰul
暉	*qʰul
煇	*qʰul, *ɡuːn, *ɡuːnʔ
楎	*qʰul, *ɡuːn
瀈	*qʰul
韗	*qʰons, *ɢuns
褌	*kuːn
鶤	*kuːn, *ɢuns
緷	*kuːnʔ, *ɡuːnʔ, *ɢuns
睴	*kuːns, *ɡuːnʔ
璭	*kuːns
瘒	*ŋɡuːn
顐	*ŋɡuːn, *ŋɡuːns, *ɡuːn
諢	*ŋɡuːns
餫	*ɡuːn, *ɢuns
渾	*ɡuːn, *ɡuːnʔ
琿	*ɡuːn
鼲	*ɡuːn
堚	*ɡuːn
鯶	*ɡuːnʔ
軍	*kun
皸	*kun, *kuns
齳	*ŋɡunʔ
喗	*ŋɡunʔ
葷	*qʰun
惲	*qunʔ
賱	*qunʔ
運	*ɢuns
暈	*ɢuns
鄆	*ɢuns

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 車 (“cart; chariot”) + 勹 (“to surround”).

Etymology

Etymology not clear. Perhaps cognate with Tibetan གཡུལ (g.yul, “army; battle”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Alternatively, it is a derivation from 運 (OC *ɢuns, “to move”), or related to 群 (OC *ɡlun).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): jūn (jun¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩㄣ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җүн (žün, I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gwan¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kiûn

  (Meixian, Guangdong): giun¹

• Northern Min (KCR): gé̤ng
• Eastern Min (BUC): gŭng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kun

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gung¹

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ¹ciun

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jūn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄩㄣ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jyun
    • Wade–Giles: chün¹
    • Yale: jyūn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiun
    • Palladius: цзюнь (czjunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җүн (žün, I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕyŋ²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gwan¹
    • Yale: gwān
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gwan¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: guen¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɐn⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiûn
    • Hakka Romanization System: giun´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: giun¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯un²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: giun¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kiun⁴⁴/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gé̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kœyŋ⁵⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gŭng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kun
    • Tâi-lô: kun
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kwn
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kun⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kun³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kun⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kun⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kun⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gung¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kung
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuŋ³³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ¹ciun
    • MiniDict: ciuin^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹jyn
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕyn⁵³/

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• Middle Chinese: kjun

Rime
Character	軍
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	文 (59)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	舉云切
Baxter	kjun
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨun/
Pan Wuyun	/kiun/
Shao Rongfen	/kiuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kun/
Li Rong	/kiuən/
Wang Li	/kĭuən/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯uən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jūn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwan1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ʷər/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kun/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	軍
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jūn
Middle Chinese	‹ kjun ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ʷər/
English	army; camp
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	軍
Reading #	1/1
No.	7333
Phonetic component	軍
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	君
Old Chinese	/*kun/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 軍

1. army; military
2. soldiers; troops
3. a kind of first-level administrative division during the Song Dynasty

   興化軍／兴化军  ―  Xīnghuàjūn  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (軍):

• → Japanese: 軍(ぐん) (gun)
• → Korean: 군(軍) (gun)
• → Vietnamese: quân (軍)

Compounds

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

軍

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: くん (kun)
• Kan-on: くん (kun)
• Kan’yō-on: ぐん (gun, Jōyō)
• Kun: いくさ (ikusa, 軍)
• Nanori: いさ (isa); すすむ (susumu); むら (mura); むれ (mure)

Compounds

• 軍鶏(シャモ) (shamo)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
軍
ぐん Grade: 4
kan’yōon

/kʲun/ → /ɡun/

From Middle Chinese 軍 (MC kjun)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “explain shift from /k-/ → /ɡ-/”)

Noun

軍(ぐん) • (gun) 

1. an army, corps

   Synonyms: 軍隊 (guntai), 軍団 (gundan)

2. (collectively) the armed forces, military

   Synonym: 軍部 (gunbu)

   Hyponyms: 海軍 (kaigun), 空軍 (kūgun), 陸軍 (rikugun)

3. (military) forces
4. (historical, military) during the Zhou dynasty, an army of five 師 (shi, “divisions of 2500 soldiers”) totaling 12500 soldiers
5. (especially in sports) a team

Derived terms

• 軍(ぐん)す (gunsu)
• 軍歌(ぐんか) (gunka, “army song,war song”)
• 方面軍(ほうめんぐん) (hōmengun)
• 方面軍(ほうめんぐん) (hōmengun)
• 軍艦(ぐんかん) (gunkan, “warship”)

Affix

軍(ぐん) • (gun) 

1. army, soldiers
2. battle, conflict, fighting, war
3. team

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 軍役(ぐんえき) (gun'eki)
• 軍監(ぐんかん) (gunkan)
• 軍鶏(ぐんけい) (gunkei)
• 軍監(ぐんげん) (gungen)
• 軍縮(ぐんしゅく) (gunshuku)
• 軍人(ぐんじん) (gunjin, “serviceman”)
• 軍神(ぐんしん) (gunshin)
• 軍制(ぐんせい) (gunsei)
• 軍政(ぐんせい) (gunsei)
• 軍曹(ぐんそう) (gunsō)
• 軍隊(ぐんたい) (guntai)
• 軍配(ぐんばい) (gunbai)
• 軍役(ぐんやく) (gun'yaku)
• 軍旅(ぐんりょ) (gunryo)
• 海軍(かいぐん) (kaigun)
• 監軍(かんぐん) (kangun)
• 空軍(くうぐん) (kūgun)
• 後軍(こうぐん) (kōgun)
• 将軍(しょうぐん) (shōgun)
• 水軍(すいぐん) (suigun)
• 前軍(ぜんぐん) (zengun)
• 総軍(そうぐん) (sōgun)
• 大軍(たいぐん) (taigun)
• 陸軍(りくぐん) (rikugun)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
軍
いくさ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki (720 CE).

The iku part is possibly derived from either 射くう (ikuu, “to shoot (an arrow)”, obsolete), 的 (ikuha, “target”, archaic), or classical verb 生く (iku, “to exist, live; bring to life”). The iku- in the first and second etyma appear to be cognate.

The final sa is likely from 矢 (sa, “arrow”, obsolete) or さ (-sa, suffix attached to verbs to mean “doing time”‎ or to nouns indicating direction).

Noun

軍(いくさ) • (ikusa) 

1. (archaic) a soldier, warrior; an army
2. (archaic) archery

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 戦(いくさ) (ikusa, “battle, conflict, fight, war”)
• 軍(いくさ)神(がみ) (ikusagami)
• 軍(いくさ)大将(だいしょう) (ikusa-daishō)
• 軍(いくさ)立(だ)ち (ikusadachi)
• 軍(いくさ)立(だ)て (ikusadate)
• 軍(いくさ)の三奉行(さんぶぎょう) (Ikusa no Sanbugyō)
• 軍(いくさ)の庭(にわ) (ikusa no niwa)
• 軍(いくさ)場(ば) (ikusaba)
• 軍(いくさ)人(びと) (ikusabito)
• 軍(いくさ)評定(ひょうじょう) (ikusa hyōjō)
• 軍(いくさ)奉行(ぶぎょう) (ikusa bugyō)
• 軍(いくさ)星(ぼし) (Ikusaboshi)
• 軍(いくさ)物(もの)語(がたり) (ikusa monogatari)
• 軍(いくさ)喚(よ)ばい (ikusayobai)
• 大(おお)軍(いくさ) (ōikusa)
• 蛙(かえる)軍(いくさ) (kaeru ikusa)
• 勝(か)ち軍(いくさ) (kachiikusa)
• 蛙(かわず)軍(いくさ) (kawazu ikusa)
• 化粧(けしょう)軍(いくさ) (keshō ikusa)
• 死(し)に軍(いくさ) (shiniikusa)
• 詰(つ)め軍(いくさ) (tsumeikusa)
• 鉄砲(てっぽう)軍(いくさ) (teppō ikusa)
• 同士(どし)軍(いくさ) (doshi ikusa)
• 花(はな)軍(いくさ) (hanaikusa)
• 腹(はら)が減(へ)っては軍(いくさ)は出来(でき)ぬ (hara ga hette wa ikusa wa dekinu)
• 一(ひと)軍(いくさ) (hitoikusa)
• 船(ふな)軍(いくさ) (funaikusa)
• 負(ま)け軍(いくさ) (makeikusa)
• 待(ま)ち軍(いくさ) (machiikusa)
• 御(み)軍(いくさ) (mi-ikusa)
• 矢(や)軍(いくさ) (yaikusa)
• 夜(よ)軍(いくさ) (yoikusa)
• 私(わたくし)軍(いくさ) (watakushi-ikusa)

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Korean

Hanja

軍 (eumhun 군사 군 (gunsa gun))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

• 위화도회군 (威化島回軍, wihwadohoegun)

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Old Japanese

Etymology

The iku part is possibly derived from either 射くふ (ikupu, “to shoot (an arrow)”), 的 (ikupa, “target”), or verb 生く (iku, “to exist, live; bring to life”). The iku- in the first and second etyma appear to be cognate.

The final sa is likely from 矢 (sa, “arrow”) or さ (-sa, suffix attached to verbs to mean “doing time”‎ or to nouns indicating direction).

Noun

軍 (ikusa) (kana いくさ)

1. archery
   • 720, Nihon Shoki, Empress Jitō, entry 36: third year, seventh month in autumn:

     丙寅、詔左右京職及諸國司、築習射所。

     On the fifteenth day (hinoetora), by decree [of the Empress] the political sector of the imperial government and all provincial governors were to build archery ranges.

2. a soldier, troop, warrior; an army
   • 720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Yūryaku, entry 19: eighth year, second month in spring:

     高麗王即發軍兵、屯聚筑足流城〈或本云、都久斯岐城〉。

     The King of Gorguryeo dispatched his army, assembling at Tukusököru nö Sasi (another record reads Tukïsiki nö Sasi).

   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 6, poem 972:
     , text here

     千萬乃軍奈利友言擧不為取而可來男常曾念

     tiyo₂ro₂du no₂ ikusa narito₂mo ko₂to₂age sezu to₂rite ki₁nubeki₁ ono₂ko₁ to₂ so₂ omopu

     Though ten million warriors threaten, he will not utter kotoage, but go off to subjugate the horde―this man for whom I yearn.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 軍立ち (ikusatati)
• 軍の君 (ikusa no₂ ki₁mi₁)
• 軍丁 (ikusa *yo₂poro₂)
• 馬軍 (uma ikusa)
• 徒軍, 步軍 (kati-ikusa)
• 船軍 (punaikusa, “navy”)
• 御軍 (mi₁-ikusa, “imperial army”)
  • 皇御軍 (sume₂rami₁kusa, “imperial army”)

Descendants

• Japanese: 軍, 戦 (ikusa)

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 軍 (quân)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.