北: difference between revisions

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Browse history interactively
← Go to previous editGo to next edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Compounds: 湖北口|湖北口回族鄉
→‎Japanese: Expanding, more still needed
Line 87: Line 87:


====Compounds====
====Compounds====
{{der-top|Compounds}}
{{der-top3|Compounds}}
* {{ja-r|北%緯|ほく%い}}
* {{ja-r|北%緯|ほく%い}}
* {{ja-r|北海|ほっかい}}, {{ja-r|北海|^ほっかい}}
* {{ja-r|北海|ほっかい}}, {{ja-r|北海|^ほっかい}}
Line 93: Line 93:
* {{ja-r|北極|ほっきょく}}, {{ja-r|北極|^ほっきょく}}
* {{ja-r|北極|ほっきょく}}, {{ja-r|北極|^ほっきょく}}
* {{ja-r|北国|ほっこく}}
* {{ja-r|北国|ほっこく}}
* {{ja-r|北上|ほくじょう}}
* {{ja-r|北%州|^ほく%しゅう|rom=-}}, {{ja-r|北%洲|^ほく%しゅう}}
⚫
* {{ja-r|北%上|ほく%じょう}}
⚫
* {{ja-r|北条|^ほうじょう}}
* {{ja-r|北進|ほくしん}}
* {{ja-r|北進|ほくしん}}
* {{ja-r|北西|ほくせい}}
* {{ja-r|北西|ほくせい}}
* {{ja-r|北%叟笑む|ほく%そえむ}}
* {{ja-r|北端|ほくたん}}
* {{ja-r|北端|ほくたん}}
* {{ja-r|北天|ほくてん}}
* {{ja-r|北天|ほくてん}}
* {{ja-r|北%斗|ほく%と}}
* {{ja-r|北%斗|ほく%と}}
* {{ja-r|北%斗 七星|^ほく%と ^しちせい|[[Big Dipper]]}}
* {{ja-r|北%斗 七星|^ほく%と ^しちせい|[[Big Dipper]]}}
* {{ja-r|北東|ほくとう}}
* {{ja-r|北%部|ほく%ぶ}}
* {{ja-r|北%部|ほく%ぶ}}
* {{ja-r|北風|ほくふう}}
* {{ja-r|北風|ほくふう}}
* {{ja-r|北方|ほっぽう}}
* {{ja-r|北%北西|ほく%-ほくせい}}
* {{ja-r|北%北東|ほく%-ほくとう}}
* {{ja-r|北溟|ほくめい|rom=-}}, {{ja-r|北冥|ほくめい}}
* {{ja-r|北面|ほくめん}}
* {{ja-r|北面|ほくめん}}
* {{ja-r|北洋|ほくよう}}, {{ja-r|北洋|^ほくよう}}
* {{ja-r|北洋|ほくよう}}
* {{ja-r|北陸|^ほくりく}}
* {{ja-r|北陸|^ほくりく}}
* {{ja-r|北方|ほっぽう}}
* {{ja-r|北方|ほっぽう}}
Line 109: Line 117:
* {{ja-r|硯北|けんぼく}}
* {{ja-r|硯北|けんぼく}}
* {{ja-r|朔北|さくほく}}
* {{ja-r|朔北|さくほく}}
* {{ja-r|東北|とうほく}}, {{ja-r|東北|^とうほく}}
* {{ja-r|西北|せいほく}}
* {{ja-r|東北|とうほく}}
* {{ja-r|南北|なんぼく}}
* {{ja-r|南北|なんぼく}}
* {{ja-r|敗北|はいぼく|[[defeat]]}}
* {{ja-r|敗北|はいぼく|[[defeat]]}}
⚫
* {{ja-r|北条|^ほうじょう}}
⚫
* {{ja-r|台北|^タイペイ}}
* {{ja-r|北%京|^ペ%キン}}
* {{ja-r|北%京|^ペ%キン}}
* {{ja-r|北%叟笑む|ほく%そえむ}}
* {{ja-r|台北|^タイペイ}}
{{der-bottom}}
{{der-bottom}}


Line 121: Line 128:
{{ja-kanjitab|きた|yomi=k}}
{{ja-kanjitab|きた|yomi=k}}


From {{inh|ja|ojp|sort=きた|-}}.
Possibly from {{inh|ja|ojp|sort=きた|-}}.


Ultimate derivation {{unk|nocap=1|sort=きた}}.
Ultimate derivation {{unk|ja|nocap=1|sort=きた}}.


====Pronunciation====
====Pronunciation====
{{ja-pron|yomi=k|きた|acc=0|dev=1|acc_ref=DJR,NHK|acc2=2|acc2_ref=DJR,NHK}}
{{ja-pron|y=k|きた|acc=0|dev=1|acc_ref=DJR,NHK|acc2=2|acc2_ref=DJR,NHK}}
{{rfv-pronunciation|ja|sort=きた}}
{{ja-pron|y=k|きた|acc=1|acc_loc=[[w:Kansai dialect|Kyoto]]}}
{{ja-pron|y=k|きた|acc=1|dev=2|acc_loc=[[w:Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]]}}


====Noun====
====Noun====
Line 132: Line 142:


# [[north]] {{gl|[[compass]] [[direction]]}}
# [[north]] {{gl|[[compass]] [[direction]]}}
#* '''905''', ''{{w|Kokin Wakashū}}'' (book 9, poem 412)
#*: {{ja-usex|'''北'''へ行く雁ぞ鳴くなるつれてこし数はたらでぞかへるべらなる|'''きた''' へ ゆく かり ぞ なくなる つれて こし かず は たらで ぞ かへるべらなる|rom='''kita''' e yuku kari zo nakunaru tsurete koshi kazu wa tarade zo kaeruberanaru}}
#: {{antonyms|ja|南|tr=minami}}
#: {{antonyms|ja|南|tr=minami}}
# the [[North]] {{gl|[[northern]] [[part]] of a [[region]]}}
# the [[North]] {{gl|[[northern]] [[part]] of a [[region]]}}
Line 137: Line 149:
#: {{synonyms|ja|北風|tr=kitakaze, hokufū}}
#: {{synonyms|ja|北風|tr=kitakaze, hokufū}}
# a [[developed country]]
# a [[developed country]]
#: from the many [[country|countries]] in the [[Northern Hemisphere|''Northern'' Hemisphere]] are considered [[develop]]ed


=====Derived terms=====
=====Derived terms=====
{{der-top}}
{{der-top}}
* {{ja-r|北す|きたす}}
* {{ja-r|北%面|きた%-おもて}}
* {{ja-r|北%面|きた%-おもて}}
* {{ja-r|北風|きたかぜ}}
* {{ja-r|北風|きたかぜ}}
* {{ja-r|北方|^きたがた}}
* {{ja-r|北国|きたぐに}}
* {{ja-r|北国|きたぐに}}
* {{ja-r|北 半球|^きた ^はんきゅう}}
* {{ja-r|北 半球|^きた ^はんきゅう}}
* {{ja-r|北窓|きたまど}}
* {{ja-r|西北|にし-きた}}
* {{ja-r|東%北|ひがし%-きた}}
* {{ja-r|東%北|ひがし%-きた}}
{{der-bottom}}
{{der-bottom}}
Line 150: Line 167:
{{ja-pos|proper|きた|キタ}}
{{ja-pos|proper|きた|キタ}}


# a ''[[place name]]''
# ''a [[place name]]'', ''especially'' the name of a [[ward]] in various [[city|cities]] in Japan
# {{lb|ja|sort=きた|historical}} {{rfdef|ja|sort=きた}}
# {{surname|lang=ja|A=a|nodot=1|sort=きた}}
# {{surname|lang=ja|A=a|nodot=1|sort=きた}}
# {{given name|female|lang=ja|A=a|nodot=1|sort=きた}}


===References===
===References===

Revision as of 10:08, 14 December 2018

See also: 业, 比, 非, and 兆
北 U+5317, 北
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5317
← 化
[U+5316] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 匘 →
[U+5318]

北 U+2F82B, 北
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82B
← 匆
[U+2F82A] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 卉 →
[U+2F82C]

Translingual

Stroke order (Japan)
0 strokes

Han character

北 (Kangxi radical 21, 匕+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中一心 (LMP), four-corner 11110, composition ⿲⿱一㇀丨匕(GJKV) or ⿰⿱⿰一丨㇀匕(HT))

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 152, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2574
  • Dae Jaweon: page 342, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 262, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5317

Chinese

trad. 北
simp. # 北
Wikipedia has an article on:

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 北
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (北) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
背 *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs
鄁 *bɯːɡs
偝 *bɯːɡs
邶 *bɯːɡs
苝 *bɯːɡs
北 *pɯːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) – two men back to back. Originally meaning “back”; the character 背 (OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs) refers to the original word.

Etymology

The sense of “north” is derived from “back (of body)”: “back” → “to turn the back to; to retreat” → “north”.

The ancient Chinese value the southern direction and houses are traditionally oriented along a north-south axis, as evident in the fengshui theory and orientation of buildings in Chinese Neolithic sites. North is the direction the back is oriented to when the person is facing south.

Compare the graphical origin of 南 (OC *nuːm, “south”) (Sagart, 1988).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • pak - vernacular;
  • pok - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 北
Mandarin Beijing /pei²¹⁴/
Harbin /pei²¹³/
Tianjin /pei¹³/
Jinan /pei²¹³/
Qingdao /pe⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /pei²⁴/
Xi'an /pei²¹/
Xining /pɨ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /pia¹³/
/pɛ¹³/
Lanzhou /pə¹³/
Ürümqi /pei²¹³/
Wuhan /pɤ²¹³/
Chengdu /pe³¹/
Guiyang /pɛ²¹/
Kunming /pə³¹/
Nanjing /pəʔ⁵/
Hefei /pɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /pei⁵³/
Pingyao /pʌʔ¹³/ ～城
/piʌʔ¹³/ ～面面
Hohhot /piəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /poʔ⁵/
Suzhou /poʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /poʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /pai²¹³/
Hui Shexian /peʔ²¹/
Tunxi /pi⁵/
Xiang Changsha /pə²⁴/
Xiangtan /pæ²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /pɛt̚⁵/
Hakka Meixian /pet̚¹/
Taoyuan /pet̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /pɐk̚⁵/
Nanning /pɐk̚⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /pɐk̚⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /pɔk̚³²/
/pak̚³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /pɔyʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /pɛ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /pak̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔbak̚⁵/
Rime
Character 北
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 幫 (1)
Final (韻) 德 (131)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 博墨切
Baxter pok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/pək̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/pək̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/pək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/pək̚/
Li
Rong 		/pək̚/
Wang
Li 		/pək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/pək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		bo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		bak1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 北
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		běi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ pok ›
Old
Chinese 		/*pˁək/
English north

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 北
Reading # 1/1
No. 414
Phonetic
component 		北
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		北
Old
Chinese 		/*pɯːɡ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 北

  1. north; northern
  2. to be defeated; to fail

Coordinate terms

Compounds

Lua error in Module:zh/templates at line 32: This template has been deprecated. Please use Template:col3 instead.

(deprecated template usage)

Japanese

Kanji

北

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. north
  2. escape, run away

Readings

Compounds

Compounds

Etymology

Kanji in this term
北
きた
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Possibly from Old Japanese.

Ultimate derivation unknown.

Pronunciation

Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 77: Parameter "y" is not used by this template. Template:rfv-pronunciation Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 77: Parameter "y" is not used by this template. Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 77: Parameter "y" is not used by this template.

Noun

北(きた) • (kita) 

  1. north (compass direction)
    • 905, Kokin Wakashū (book 9, poem 412)
      北(きた)へ行(ゆ)く雁(かり)ぞ鳴(な)くなるつれてこし数(かず)はたらでぞかへるべらなる
      kita e yuku kari zo nakunaru tsurete koshi kazu wa tarade zo kaeruberanaru
      (please add an English translation of this example)
    Antonym: 南 (minami)
  2. the North (northern part of a region)
  3. the north wind
    Synonym: 北風 (kitakaze, hokufū)
  4. a developed country
    from the many countries in the Northern Hemisphere are considered developed
Derived terms
Derived terms

Proper noun

北(きた) or 北(キタ) • (Kita) 

  1. a place name, especially the name of a ward in various cities in Japan
  2. (historical) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
  3. Lua error in Module:names at line 627: dot= and nodot= are no longer supported in Template:surname because a trailing period is no longer added by default; if you want it, add it explicitly after the template
  4. (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) Lua error in Module:names at line 432: Parameter "nodot" is not used by this template.

References


Korean

Hanja

北 • (buk, bae)

  1. north, northern

Okinawan

Etymology

Cognate with mainland Japanese 西 (nishi, “west”).

Kanji

北

Noun

北 (hiragana にし, romaji nishi)

  1. north

Derived terms

Southern Amami-Oshima

Etymology

Cognate with mainland Japanese 西 (nishi, “west”).

Kanji

北 (hiragana にし, romaji nishi)

Noun

北 (hiragana にし, romaji nishi)

  1. north

Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 北 (bắc, bác, bấc, bậc, bước)

  1. north
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=北&oldid=51085114"