kiri
Bikol Central
[edit]Noun
[edit]kirí
Verb
[edit]kíri
Cebuano
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Western Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-di.[1] The initial "k(a/i)-" is a common feature among demonstratives: kini (“this”), kana (“that”), and kadto (“that”). Related to diri (“here”), adia (“here be”), ngari (“hither”), and ari (“to come”), in a similar pattern with other Cebuano demonstrative pronouns. Compare Tagalog iri.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]kirí
- this (closer to the speaker than the listener)
Usage notes
[edit]- kari is the form most commonly used by speakers, while kiri may come off as old-fashioned and literary.
- In colloquial usage, the nuances of kiri (“this near me”) and kini (“this near us”) have become blurred, such that both are used interchangeably.
See also
[edit]Direct* | Indirect* | Oblique | Locative | Allative | Existential** | Interjection** | Manner** | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full | Short | Full | Short | Full | Short | Full | Short | Full | Short | ||||
Near speaker*** | karí kirí |
ri | niari niiri |
ari iri |
kan-ari† kan-iri† |
dirí | ngarí | adia | dia | diará | dará | ingon ari | Ø |
Near speaker and listener*** | kaní kiní |
ni | niani niini |
ani ini |
kan-ani† kan-ini† |
dinhi | nganhi | ania | nia | niará | Ø | ingon ani | ing-ani in-ani |
Near listener | kanâ | nà | nianà | anà | kan-anà† | dinhà dirâ |
nganhà ngarâ |
anaa | naa | naará | nará | ingon anà | ing-anà in-anà |
Remote | kadto kató |
to | niadto niato |
adto ato |
kan-adto† | didto | ngadto | atua | tua | tuará | turá | ingon adto ingon ato |
ing-ato in-ato |
†Archaic *When the demonstrative is used as a predicate, the full form must be used. Short forms never start sentences. **Full and short forms used interchangeably. Full forms may be more formal, while short forms may be more colloquial. ***These two series may be conflated in colloquial Cebuano. |
References
[edit]Estonian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *kirja. Cognate with Finnish kirja and Votic tširjõ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kiri (genitive kirja, partitive kirja)
- writing
- letter (message)
- font, script
- pattern (decorative, e.g., knitted, embroidered, or carved into wood)
Declension
[edit]Declension of kiri (ÕS type 24u/padi, length gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | kiri | kirjad | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | kirja | ||
genitive | kirjade | ||
partitive | kirja | kirju kirjasid | |
illative | kirja kirjasse |
kirjadesse kirjusse | |
inessive | kirjas | kirjades kirjus | |
elative | kirjast | kirjadest kirjust | |
allative | kirjale | kirjadele kirjule | |
adessive | kirjal | kirjadel kirjul | |
ablative | kirjalt | kirjadelt kirjult | |
translative | kirjaks | kirjadeks kirjuks | |
terminative | kirjani | kirjadeni | |
essive | kirjana | kirjadena | |
abessive | kirjata | kirjadeta | |
comitative | kirjaga | kirjadega |
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “kiri”, in [PSV] Eesti keele põhisõnavara sõnastik (in Estonian) (online version, not updated), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2014
- “kiri”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009
- “kiri”, in [ÕS] Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2018 (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2018, →ISBN
- kiri in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
Finnish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Probably originally a back-formation from kiristää; compare English tighten the gap for the semantic development.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kiri
- spurt (a sudden but not prolonged action, especially a brief increase in speed of an ongoing action)
- Hän aloitti kirinsä liian aikaisin ja väsähti sata metriä ennen maaliviivaa.
- He started his spurt too early and ran out of steam one hundred meters before the finish line.
- Kiinan taloudellinen kiri on ollut nopea.
- The Chinese economic spurt has been quick.
Declension
[edit]Inflection of kiri (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | kiri | kirit | |
genitive | kirin | kirien | |
partitive | kiriä | kirejä | |
illative | kiriin | kireihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | kiri | kirit | |
accusative | nom. | kiri | kirit |
gen. | kirin | ||
genitive | kirin | kirien | |
partitive | kiriä | kirejä | |
inessive | kirissä | kireissä | |
elative | kiristä | kireistä | |
illative | kiriin | kireihin | |
adessive | kirillä | kireillä | |
ablative | kiriltä | kireiltä | |
allative | kirille | kireille | |
essive | kirinä | kireinä | |
translative | kiriksi | kireiksi | |
abessive | kirittä | kireittä | |
instructive | — | kirein | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “kiri”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ˈkiri/, [ˈk̟iri] (third-person indicative)
- IPA(key): /ˈkiriˣ/, [ˈk̟iri(ʔ)] (imperative, indicative connegative)
- Rhymes: -iri
- Syllabification(key): ki‧ri
Verb
[edit]kiri
- inflection of kiriä:
Anagrams
[edit]Indonesian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Malay kiri, from Proto-Malayic *(kA-)iri, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ka-)wiʀi, Proto-Austronesian *(ka-)wiʀi.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]kiri
- left (the west side of the body when one is facing north)
- (politics) left-wing
- Melawan kaum kiri bisa dimulai hari ini juga!
- You can start fighting left-wingers now!
Antonyms
[edit]Japanese
[edit]Romanization
[edit]kiri
Malay
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Malayic *(kA-)iri, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ka-)wiʀi (compare Makasar kairi), from Proto-Austronesian *(ka-)wiʀi, a prefixed form of *wiʀi.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]kiri (Jawi spelling کيري)
- left (the west side of the body when one is facing north)
Antonyms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- "kiri" in Kamus Dewan, Fourth Edition, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, →ISBN, 2005.
- “kiri” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
Maltese
[edit]Root |
---|
k-r-j |
2 terms |
Etymology
[edit]From Arabic كِرَاء (kirāʔ). Doublet of kera.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kiri m
- verbal noun of kera: renting
Maori
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Polynesian *kili (compare with Hawaiian ʻili), from Proto-Oceanic *kulit, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kulit (compare with Malay kulit), from Proto-Austronesian *kuliC (“rind”).
Noun
[edit]kiri
References
[edit]- “kiri” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori–English, English–Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011, →ISBN.
Rapa Nui
[edit]Noun
[edit]kiri
Derived terms
[edit]Sranan Tongo
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]kiri
- (transitive) To kill, to murder.
- (transitive) To end, to shut down.
Derived terms
[edit]- kiriman (“killer, murderer”)
Swahili
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Arabic أَقَرَّ (ʔaqarra).
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]-kiri (infinitive kukiri)
- to accept, admit, acknowledge, recognise
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of -kiri | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Infinitives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Imperatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. |
Derived terms
[edit]- Nominal derivations:
- ukiri (“acceptance, acknowledgement”)
Tagalog
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Standard Tagalog) IPA(key): /kiˈɾi/ [kɪˈɾi]
- Rhymes: -i
- Syllabification: ki‧ri
Adjective
[edit]kirí (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜒᜇᜒ)
- flirtatious; coquettish (of women)
- libidinous; lascivious (of women)
Noun
[edit]kirí (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜒᜇᜒ)
- Bikol Central lemmas
- Bikol Central nouns
- bcl:Medicine
- Bikol Central verbs
- Cebuano terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Cebuano terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Cebuano terms with IPA pronunciation
- Cebuano lemmas
- Cebuano adverbs
- Cebuano location adverbs
- Estonian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Estonian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Estonian lemmas
- Estonian nouns
- Estonian padi-type nominals
- Finnish back-formations
- Finnish 2-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/iri
- Rhymes:Finnish/iri/2 syllables
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish nouns
- Finnish terms with usage examples
- Finnish risti-type nominals
- Finnish non-lemma forms
- Finnish verb forms
- Indonesian terms inherited from Malay
- Indonesian terms derived from Malay
- Indonesian terms inherited from Proto-Malayic
- Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Malayic
- Indonesian terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Indonesian terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian
- Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Indonesian/ri
- Rhymes:Indonesian/ri/2 syllables
- Indonesian lemmas
- Indonesian adjectives
- id:Politics
- Indonesian terms with usage examples
- id:Directions
- Japanese non-lemma forms
- Japanese romanizations
- Malay terms inherited from Proto-Malayic
- Malay terms derived from Proto-Malayic
- Malay terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Malay terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Malay terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian
- Malay terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Malay terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Malay/iri
- Rhymes:Malay/ri
- Rhymes:Malay/i
- Malay lemmas
- Malay adjectives
- ms:Directions
- Maltese terms belonging to the root k-r-j
- Maltese terms inherited from Arabic
- Maltese terms derived from Arabic
- Maltese 2-syllable words
- Maltese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Maltese/ɪrɪ
- Rhymes:Maltese/ɪrɪ/2 syllables
- Maltese lemmas
- Maltese nouns
- Maltese masculine nouns
- Maltese verbal nouns
- Maori terms inherited from Proto-Polynesian
- Maori terms derived from Proto-Polynesian
- Maori terms inherited from Proto-Oceanic
- Maori terms derived from Proto-Oceanic
- Maori terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Maori terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Maori terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian
- Maori terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Maori lemmas
- Maori nouns
- mi:Anatomy
- Rapa Nui lemmas
- Rapa Nui nouns
- Sranan Tongo terms derived from English
- Sranan Tongo terms with IPA pronunciation
- Sranan Tongo lemmas
- Sranan Tongo verbs
- Sranan Tongo transitive verbs
- Swahili terms borrowed from Arabic
- Swahili terms derived from Arabic
- Swahili terms derived from the Arabic root ق ر ر
- Swahili terms with audio pronunciation
- Swahili lemmas
- Swahili verbs
- Swahili verbs in the Arabic conjugation
- Tagalog 2-syllable words
- Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Tagalog/i
- Rhymes:Tagalog/i/2 syllables
- Tagalog terms with mabilis pronunciation
- Tagalog lemmas
- Tagalog adjectives
- Tagalog terms with Baybayin script
- Tagalog nouns