溝

See also: 沟

Translingual

Han character

溝 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 水廿廿月 (ETTB), four-corner 3514₇, composition ⿰氵冓)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 639, character 34
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17944
• Dae Jaweon: page 1046, character 22
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1692, character 6
• Unihan data for U+6E9D

---

Chinese

trad.		溝
simp.		沟*

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (冓) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
溝	*koː
篝	*koː
鞲	*koː
韝	*koː, *kʰoː
褠	*koː
冓	*koː, *koːs
構	*koːs
購	*koːs
媾	*koːs
覯	*koːs
遘	*koːs, *koːs
煹	*koːs
搆	*koːs
講	*kroːŋʔ
耩	*kroːŋʔ
傋	*kroːŋʔ, *qʰroːŋʔ
斠	*kroːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koː) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 冓 (OC *koː, *koːs).

Etymology 1

"ditch; drain"

Possibly the k-prefix noun of 漏 (OC *roːs, “to leak”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gōu (gou¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄡ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kau¹ / gau¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiêu
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kau / kio / ko͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gao¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gōu
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄡ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gou
    • Wade–Giles: kou¹
    • Yale: gōu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gou
    • Palladius: гоу (gou)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /koʊ̯⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: kau¹ / gau¹
    • Yale: kāu / gāu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kau¹ / gau¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: keo¹ / geo¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɐu̯⁵⁵/, /kɐu̯⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiêu
    • Hakka Romanization System: gieu´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gieu¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯eu̯²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kau
    • Tâi-lô: kau
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kaw
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kau⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kau³³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kio
    • Tâi-lô: kio
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kioy
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kio³³/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘
    • Tâi-lô: koo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kof
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴/

Note:

• kau - vernacular;
• kio/ko͘ - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: gao¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kau
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kau³³/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 溝
Mandarin	Beijing	/kou⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/kou⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/kou²¹/
	Jinan	/kou²¹³/
	Qingdao	/kou²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/kou²⁴/
	Xi'an	/kou²¹/
	Xining	/kɯ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/kəu⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/kou³¹/
	Ürümqi	/kɤu⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/kəu⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/kəu⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/kəu⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/kəu⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/kəɯ³¹/
	Hefei	/kɯ²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kəu¹¹/
	Pingyao	/kəu¹³/
	Hohhot	/kəu³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/kɤ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/kɤ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/kø³³/
	Wenzhou	/kau³³/
Hui	Shexian	/kiu³¹/
	Tunxi	/t͡ɕiu¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/kəu³³/
	Xiangtan	/kəɯ³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/kiɛu⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/keu⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/keu²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kʰɐu⁵³/
	Nanning	/kɐu⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/kɐu⁵⁵/ /kʰɐu⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kɔ⁵⁵/ /kau⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kau⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ke⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kau³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/kɔu²³/ /kau²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: kuw

Rime
Character	溝
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	侯 (137)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古侯切
Baxter	kuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kəu/
Pan Wuyun	/kəu/
Shao Rongfen	/kəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəw/
Li Rong	/ku/
Wang Li	/kəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/kə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gōu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤ(r)o/

  (Zhengzhang): /*koː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	溝
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gōu
Middle Chinese	‹ kuw ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ˁ(r)o/
English	irrigation canal
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	溝
Reading #	1/1
No.	4185
Phonetic component	冓
Rime group	侯
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	鉤
Old Chinese	/*koː/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 溝

1. ditch; drain; narrow waterway
2. (Cantonese) to mix

   溝埋／沟埋 [Cantonese]  ―  kau¹ maai⁴ [Jyutping]  ―  to mix together

3. (chiefly Cantonese) to pick up (girls)
4. a numeral that refers to 10³² or others

See also

Chinese numerals
104	108	1012	1016	1020	1024	1028	1032	1036	1040	1044	1048
萬／万 (wàn)	億／亿 (yì)	兆 (zhào) (Taiwan)	京 (jīng) (Taiwan)	垓 (gāi)	秭 (zǐ)	穰 (ráng)	溝／沟 (gōu)	澗／涧 (jiàn)	正 (zhèng)	載／载 (zài)	極／极 (jí)
		萬億／万亿 (wànyì) (Mainland China)	億億/亿亿 (Mainland China)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kòu (kou⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄡˋ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kòu
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄡˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kòu
    • Wade–Giles: kʻou⁴
    • Yale: kòu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kow
    • Palladius: коу (kou)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰoʊ̯⁵¹/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 溝

1. Only used in 溝瞀／沟瞀 (kòumào, “ignorant”).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 溝 – see 港 (“tributary of a larger river or lake; river; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 港).

(deprecated template usage)

---

Japanese

Kanji

溝

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: く (ku)
• Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
• Kun: みぞ (mizo, 溝, Jōyō); どぶ (dobu, 溝)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic *minsə.

Noun

溝(みぞ) • (mizo) 

1. a ditch
2. a groove
3. a gulf; a gap
4. disagreement between people

   大(おお)きな溝(みぞ)がある

   ōki na mizo ga aru

   there is tremendous disagreement

   溝(みぞ)が深(ふか)まる

   mizo ga fukamaru

   disagreement worsens

Etymology 2

Number

溝(こう) • (kō) 

1. A number of "hundred nonillion" in modern Japanese since 17th century.

---

Korean

Hanja

溝 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

---

Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 溝 (câu)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.