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====Synonyms==== |
====Synonyms==== |
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{{sense|negative verb ending}} |
{{sense|negative verb ending}} |
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* {{qualifier| |
* {{qualifier|informal, dialect, archaic}} {{ja-r|ん}} |
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* {{qualifier| |
* {{qualifier|informal}} {{ja-r|ない}} |
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* {{qualifier|formal}} {{ja-r|ません}} |
* {{qualifier|formal}} {{ja-r|ません}} |
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* {{qualifier|written formal}} {{ja-r|ず}} |
* {{qualifier|written formal}} {{ja-r|ず}} |
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* {{qualifier|Kansai}} {{ja-r|へん}} |
* {{qualifier|Kansai}} {{ja-r|へん}} |
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{{sense|perfective verb ending}} |
{{sense|perfective verb ending}} |
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* {{qualifier| |
* {{qualifier|informal}} {{ja-r|た}} |
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* {{qualifier|formal}} {{ja-r|ました}} |
* {{qualifier|formal}} {{ja-r|ました}} |
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Revision as of 11:21, 13 July 2016
Template:Hiragana character info
Japanese
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Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 奴 (nu) in the cursive sōsho style.
Syllable
ぬ (romaji nu)
- The hiragana syllable ぬ (nu), whose equivalent in katakana is ヌ (nu). It is the twenty-third syllable of the gojūon order, and its position in gojūon tables is な行う段 (NA-gyō, U-dan; “row NA, section U”).
Related terms
- For a list of words starting with ぬ (nu) see: Special:Allpages/ぬ
See also
- (Hiragana) 平仮名; あぁ, いぃ, うぅゔ, えぇ, おぉ, かゕが, きぎ, くぐ, けゖげ, こ𛄲 (𛄲)ご, さざ, しじ, すず, せぜ, そぞ, ただ, ちぢ, つっづ, てで, とど, な, に, ぬ, ね, の, はばぱ, ひびぴ, ふぶぷ, へべぺ, ほぼぽ, ま, み, む, め, も, やゃ, 𛀆, ゆゅ, 𛀁, よょ, らら゚, りり゚, るる゚, れれ゚, ろろ゚, わゎわ゙, ゐ𛅐 (𛅐)ゐ゙, 𛄟 (𛄟), ゑ𛅑 (𛅑)ゑ゙, を𛅒 (𛅒)を゙, ん, ー, ゝ, ゞ, ゟ
Etymology 2
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese.[1][2][3]
Many monolingual Japanese dictionaries[1][2][3] derive this as a contraction of (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese 往ぬ (inu, “to go away; to pass (such as time); to pass away, to die”); however, the meaning does not seem to make sense in the context of the verb ending -nu.
More recent work by Bjarke Frellesvig and others suggests that -nu may have originated from an ancient copular or stative verb.
Suffix
- marks the end of action:
- (after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of a verb) the negative: indicates negation of the action, ending without starting or occurring -- not
- 風が立たぬ
- kaze ga tatanu
- the wind does not rise / does not pick up
- 風が立たぬ
- (after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb) the perfective: indicates completion of the action, ending after starting or occurring -- has done, has happened
- 風が立ちぬ
- kaze ga tachinu
- the wind has risen / has picked up
- 風が立ちぬ
- (after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of a verb) the negative: indicates negation of the action, ending without starting or occurring -- not
Usage notes
In (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese and continuing in classical and later Japanese, the ending -nu and the ending -ta have both been used to mark the completion of an action, with two key differences:
- -ta was not used after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of a verb, and thus was not used in negation contexts;
- -nu was used mainly for verbs that indicated intransitive, naturally occurring, or unintentional actions, while -ta was used mainly for verbs that indicated transitive or intentional actions.
In modern Japanese, -nu is rarely encountered, and it often imparts a formal or archaic sense.
Synonyms
(negative verb ending):
- (informal, dialect, archaic) ん (n)
- (informal) ない (nai)
- (formal) ません (masen)
- (written formal) ず (zu)
- (Kansai) へん (hen)
(perfective verb ending):
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN