oga

See also: Appendix:Variations of "oga"

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Yoruba ọ̀gá (“chief, master”).

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈəʊ.ɡə/
• (General American) enPR: ōʹgə, IPA^(key): /ˈoʊ.ɡə/
• Rhymes: -əʊɡə
• Homophone: ogre (non-rhotic)

Noun

oga (plural ogas)

1. (West Africa) A chief, employer, or superior.
   • 2013, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, chapter 50, in Americanah:

     Nigeria is not a nation of sandwich-eating people and his last oga did not eat bread in the afternoon.

Anagrams

• GAO, G.O.A., AGO, G. O. A., ago, AOG, OAG, Gao, goa, Goa, GOA

Elfdalian

Etymology

From Old Norse auga, from Proto-Norse *ᚨᚢᚷᛟ (*augo), from Proto-Germanic *augô, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”).

Noun

oga n

1. eye

Estonian

Koer-kibuvitsa (Rosa canina) ogad

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *oka, possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic. Cognates include Finnish oas, oka (dialectal), Votic õgaz, Ingrian oas, Livvi ovas, Ludian ogas and Veps ogah.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈoɡ̊ɑ/, [ˈoɡ̊ɑ]
• Rhymes: -oɡɑ
• Hyphenation: o‧ga

Noun

oga (genitive oga, partitive oga)

1. (botany) thorn, prickle

   Synonym: okas

2. (zootomy) spine (a strong and sharp thorn-like covering, bone or similar formation)
3. spike, barb

   Riided jäid okastraadi ogadesse kinni. ― Clothes got caught in the spikes of the barbed wire.

Declension

Declension of oga (ÕS type 17/elu, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		oga	ogad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	oga
genitive			ogade
partitive		oga	ogasid
illative		okka ogasse	ogadesse
inessive		ogas	ogades
elative		ogast	ogadest
allative		ogale	ogadele
adessive		ogal	ogadel
ablative		ogalt	ogadelt
translative		ogaks	ogadeks
terminative		ogani	ogadeni
essive		ogana	ogadena
abessive		ogata	ogadeta
comitative		ogaga	ogadega

Synonyms

• (thorn, prickle): okas

Derived terms

• ohakas

Compounds

• ogaannoona
• ogahai
• ogajätke
• ogamelon
• ogaputk
• ogarai
• ogasiilik
• ogaujur
• ogaõun

Related terms

• okas

References

• oga in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
• “oga”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009

Gun

Pronunciation

• Audio (Nigeria):

  (file)

Noun

ogá (plural ogá lẹ) (Nigeria)

1. bow (weapon)

Related terms

• ogaba

Hausa

Etymology

From Yoruba ọ̀gá (“chief”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔò.ɡáː/
  • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [ʔò.ɡáː]

Noun

ògā m (possessed form ògan)

1. boss, someone in charge

Latvian

Ogas

Etymology

From Proto-Baltic *wog-, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ṓˀgāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógeh₂. Cognates include Lithuanian úoga, Old Church Slavonic агода (agoda), and possibly Tocharian B oko.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈuɔ̯̂ɡa]

Noun

ôga f (4th declension)

1. berry (small fruits of various species)

   ogu sula ― berry juice

   ogu krūms ― berry bush

   ogu ķekars ― berry bunch

   iet ogās, iet lasīt ogas ― to go pick berries

   ogu laiks ― berry time (season)

Declension

Declension of oga (4th)

	singular	plural
nominative	oga	ogas
genitive	ogas	ogu
dative	ogai	ogām
accusative	ogu	ogas
instrumental	ogu	ogām
locative	ogā	ogās
vocative	oga	ogas

Derived terms

• ērkšķoga

Nigerian Pidgin

Etymology

From Yoruba ọ̀gá.

Noun

oga

1. boss, master, senior
   • 2020, Holy Bible Nigerian Pidgin English‎^[2], Nigeria: Wycliffe Bible Translators, Inc., Rut [Ruth] 2:13:

     Rut kon sey, “My oga, yu really dey good to mi, bikos yu don trit mi like yor savant, even doh I nor bi yor savant!”

     Ruth then said, “My boss, you have really been good to me because you have treated me like your servant, even though I am not your servant!”

Old Dutch

Alternative forms

• ouga

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *augā.

Noun

ōga n

1. eye

Inflection

Declension of ōga (neuter an-stem noun)

case	singular	plural
nominative	ōga	ōgon, ōga
accusative	ōga	ōgon, ōga
genitive	ōgin	ōgono
dative	ōgin	ōgon

Alternative forms

• ouga

Descendants

• Middle Dutch: ôge
  • Dutch: oog
  • Limburgish: oug

Further reading

• “ōga”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ōgan, from Proto-Germanic *ōganą (“to be afraid”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈoː.ɡɑ/, [ˈoː.ɣɑ]
• Rhymes: -oː.ɡɑ

Noun

ōga m

1. horror or terror

Declension

Weak:

	singular	plural
nominative	ōga	ōgan
accusative	ōgan	ōgan
genitive	ōgan	ōgena
dative	ōgan	ōgum

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *augā.

Compare Old English ēage, Old Frisian āge, Old Dutch ōga, Old High German ouga, Old Norse auga, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 (augō).

Noun

ōga n

1. eye
   • 9th c. Heliand, verse 5494

     ...endi im undar is ōgun spīwun,...

     ...and they spat at him under his eyes,...

Declension

ōga (neuter n-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	ōga	ōgon, ōgun, ōgan
accusative	ōga	ōgon, ōgun, ōgan
genitive	ōgen, ōgan, ōgon	ōgono
dative	ōgen, ōgan, ōgon	ōgun, ōgon
instrumental	—	—

Descendants

• Middle Low German: ôge
  • Low German: Oge
    • German Low German: Oog

      Hamburgisch: Oog

      Westphalian:

      (Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense? (is this Ravensbergisch or another Lippisch term? what's the source? Lippisch (Korl Biegemann, Wilhelm Oesterhaus, kinder-lippe.de) has "Auge", also "Äoge", see below. This was added in diff & diff.)) Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Äuge

      Lippisch: Auge, Äoge

      Ravensbergisch: äuge (scientific), Auge

      Sauerländisch: Äoge, Auge, Eyege, Ouge, Oue

      Westmünsterländisch: Ooge, Oog

  • Plautdietsch: Uag

References

Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch‎^[3] (in German), 5th edition

Rwanda-Rundi

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jóga.

Verb

-óga (infinitive (Rwanda) kôga or (Rundi) kwôga, perfective -óze)

1. bathe, immerse

Derived terms

• -oza (“wash, clean”)

Swahili

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-jóga.

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Verb

-oga (infinitive kuoga)

1. to wash oneself, to bathe

Usage notes

In some dialects, this verb may conjugate like a monosyllabic verb; see Appendix:Swahili verbs for those conjugated forms.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -oga
Positive present -naoga Subjunctive -oge Negative -ogi Imperative singular oga
Infinitives
Positive kuoga Negative kutooga
Imperatives
Singular oga Plural ogeni
Tensed forms
Habitual huoga Positive past positive subject concord + -lioga Negative past negative subject concord + -kuoga
Positive present (positive subject concord + -naoga) Singular Plural 1st person ninaoga/naoga tunaoga 2nd person unaoga mnaoga 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anaoga wanaoga other classes positive subject concord + -naoga
Negative present (negative subject concord + -ogi) Singular Plural 1st person siogi hatuogi 2nd person huogi hamwogi 3rd person m-wa(I/II) haogi hawaogi other classes negative subject concord + -ogi
Positive future positive subject concord + -taoga Negative future negative subject concord + -taoga
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -oge) Singular Plural 1st person nioge tuoge 2nd person uoge mwoge 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aoge waoge other classes positive subject concord + -oge
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sioge Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeoga Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeoga Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalioga Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalioga
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aoga) Singular Plural 1st person naoga twaoga 2nd person waoga mwaoga 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aoga waoga m-mi(III/IV) waoga yaoga ji-ma(V/VI) laoga yaoga ki-vi(VII/VIII) chaoga vyaoga n(IX/X) yaoga zaoga u(XI) waoga see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwaoga pa(XVI) paoga mu(XVIII) mwaoga
Perfect positive subject concord + -meoga "Already" positive subject concord + -meshaoga "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaoga "If/When" positive subject concord + -kioga "If not" positive subject concord + -sipooga Consecutive kaoga / positive subject concord + -kaoga Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kaoge
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -nioga -tuoga 2nd person -kuoga -waoga/-kuogeni/-waogeni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mwoga -waoga m-mi(III/IV) -uoga -ioga ji-ma(V/VI) -lioga -yaoga ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kioga -vioga n(IX/X) -ioga -zioga u(XI) -uoga see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kuoga pa(XVI) -paoga mu(XVIII) -muoga Reflexive -jioga
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -oga- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -ogaye -ogao m-mi(III/IV) -ogao -ogayo ji-ma(V/VI) -ogalo -ogayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -ogacho -ogavyo n(IX/X) -ogayo -ogazo u(XI) -ogao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -ogako pa(XVI) -ogapo mu(XVIII) -ogamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -oga) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yeoga -ooga m-mi(III/IV) -ooga -yooga ji-ma(V/VI) -looga -yooga ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chooga -vyooga n(IX/X) -yooga -zooga u(XI) -ooga see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kooga pa(XVI) -pooga mu(XVIII) -mooga
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Causative: -ogesha (“to bathe”)

Tooro

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-jóga.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /óːɡa/

Verb

-oga (infinitive okwoga) (intransitive)

1. to bathe, to wash (one's whole body)

   Coordinate term: -naaba

Conjugation

Conjugation of -oga

infinitives affirmative okwoga negative okutooga imperatives affirmative yoga negative (see second-person negative subjunctive forms) tense polarity basic forms relative forms1 present habitual affirmative subject concord + -oga person noun class singular plural first person nyoga twoga second person oyoga mwoga third person 1/2 ayoga booga 3/4 gwoga eyoga 5/6 lyoga googa 7/8 kyoga byoga 9/10 eyoga zooga 11/10 rwoga 12/14 kooga bwoga 13 — twoga 14/6 bwoga googa 15/6 kwoga 16 hooga — negative ti- + subject concord + -oga person noun class singular plural first person tinyoga titwoga second person toyoga timwoga third person 1/2 tayoga tibooga 3/4 tigwoga teyoga 5/6 tiryoga tigooga 7/8 tikyoga tibyoga 9/10 teyoga tizooga 11/10 tirwoga 12/14 tikooga tibwoga 13 — titwoga 14/6 tibwoga tigooga 15/6 tikwoga 16 tihooga — subject concord + -tooga present continuous affirmative ni- + subject concord + -oga person noun class singular plural first person ninyoga nitwoga second person nooyoga nimwoga third person 1/2 naayoga nibooga 3/4 nigwoga neeyoga 5/6 niryoga nigooga 7/8 nikyoga nibyoga 9/10 neeyoga nizooga 11/10 nirwoga 12/14 nikooga nibwoga 13 — nitwoga 14/6 nibwoga nigooga 15/6 nikwoga 16 nihooga — subject concord + -rukwoga negative ti- + subject concord + -rukwoga person noun class singular plural first person tindukwoga titurukwoga second person torukwoga timurukwoga third person 1/2 tarukwoga tibarukwoga 3/4 tigurukwoga terukwoga 5/6 tirirukwoga tigarukwoga 7/8 tikirukwoga tibirukwoga 9/10 terukwoga tizirukwoga 11/10 tirurukwoga 12/14 tikarukwoga tiburukwoga 13 — titurukwoga 14/6 tiburukwoga tigarukwoga 15/6 tikurukwoga 16 tiharukwoga — subject concord + -tarukwoga present continuative affirmative ni- + subject concord + -kyayoga person noun class singular plural first person ninkyayoga nitukyayoga second person nookyayoga nimukyayoga third person 1/2 naakyayoga nibakyayoga 3/4 nigukyayoga neekyayoga 5/6 nirikyayoga nigakyayoga 7/8 nikikyayoga nibikyayoga 9/10 neekyayoga nizikyayoga 11/10 nirukyayoga 12/14 nikakyayoga nibukyayoga 13 — nitukyayoga 14/6 nibukyayoga nigakyayoga 15/6 nikukyayoga 16 nihakyayoga — subject concord + -rukukyayoga negative ti- + subject concord + -kyayoga person noun class singular plural first person tinkyayoga titukyayoga second person tokyayoga timukyayoga third person 1/2 takyayoga tibakyayoga 3/4 tigukyayoga tekyayoga 5/6 tirikyayoga tigakyayoga 7/8 tikikyayoga tibikyayoga 9/10 tekyayoga tizikyayoga 11/10 tirukyayoga 12/14 tikakyayoga tibukyayoga 13 — titukyayoga 14/6 tibukyayoga tigakyayoga 15/6 tikukyayoga 16 tihakyayoga — subject concord + -takyayoga virtual present affirmative subject concord + -ayoga person noun class singular plural first person nayoga twayoga second person wayoga mwayoga third person 1/2 yayoga baayoga 3/4 gwayoga yayoga 5/6 lyayoga gaayoga 7/8 kyayoga byayoga 9/10 yayoga zaayoga 11/10 rwayoga 12/14 kaayoga bwayoga 13 — twayoga 14/6 bwayoga gaayoga 15/6 kwayoga 16 haayoga — negative ti- + subject concord + ayoga person noun class singular plural first person tinayoga titwayoga second person tiwayoga timwayoga third person 1/2 tiyayoga tibaayoga 3/4 tigwayoga tiyayoga 5/6 tiryayoga tigaayoga 7/8 tikyayoga tibyayoga 9/10 tiyayoga tizaayoga 11/10 tirwayoga 12/14 tikaayoga tibwayoga 13 — titwayoga 14/6 tibwayoga tigaayoga 15/6 tikwayoga 16 tihaayoga — subject concord + -taayoga present perfect affirmative subject concord + -ogere person noun class singular plural first person nyogere twogere second person oyogere mwogere third person 1/2 ayogere boogere 3/4 gwogere eyogere 5/6 lyogere googere 7/8 kyogere byogere 9/10 eyogere zoogere 11/10 rwogere 12/14 koogere bwogere 13 — twogere 14/6 bwogere googere 15/6 kwogere 16 hoogere — negative ti- + subject concord + -ogere person noun class singular plural first person tinyogere titwogere second person toyogere timwogere third person 1/2 tayogere tiboogere 3/4 tigwogere teyogere 5/6 tiryogere tigoogere 7/8 tikyogere tibyogere 9/10 teyogere tizoogere 11/10 tirwogere 12/14 tikoogere tibwogere 13 — titwogere 14/6 tibwogere tigoogere 15/6 tikwogere 16 tihoogere — subject concord + -toogere near perfective affirmative subject concord + -akooga person noun class singular plural first person nakooga twakooga second person wakooga mwakooga third person 1/2 yakooga baakooga 3/4 gwakooga yakooga 5/6 lyakooga gaakooga 7/8 kyakooga byakooga 9/10 yakooga zaakooga 11/10 rwakooga 12/14 kaakooga bwakooga 13 — twakooga 14/6 bwakooga gaakooga 15/6 kwakooga 16 haakooga — negative ti- + subject concord + -koogere person noun class singular plural first person tinkoogere titukoogere second person tokoogere timukoogere third person 1/2 takoogere tibakoogere 3/4 tigukoogere tekoogere 5/6 tirikoogere tigakoogere 7/8 tikikoogere tibikoogere 9/10 tekoogere tizikoogere 11/10 tirukoogere 12/14 tikakoogere tibukoogere 13 — titukoogere 14/6 tibukoogere tigakoogere 15/6 tikukoogere 16 tihakoogere — subject concord + -takoogere near past affirmative subject concord + -ogerege person noun class singular plural first person nyogerege twogerege second person oyogerege mwogerege third person 1/2 ayogerege boogerege 3/4 gwogerege eyogerege 5/6 lyogerege googerege 7/8 kyogerege byogerege 9/10 eyogerege zoogerege 11/10 rwogerege 12/14 koogerege bwogerege 13 — twogerege 14/6 bwogerege googerege 15/6 kwogerege 16 hoogerege — negative ti- + subject concord + -ogerege person noun class singular plural first person tinyogerege titwogerege second person toyogerege timwogerege third person 1/2 tayogerege tiboogerege 3/4 tigwogerege teyogerege 5/6 tiryogerege tigoogerege 7/8 tikyogerege tibyogerege 9/10 teyogerege tizoogerege 11/10 tirwogerege 12/14 tikoogerege tibwogerege 13 — titwogerege 14/6 tibwogerege tigoogerege 15/6 tikwogerege 16 tihoogerege — subject concord + -toogerege remote past affirmative subject concord + -kooga person noun class singular plural first person nkooga tukooga second person okooga mukooga third person 1/2 akooga bakooga 3/4 gukooga ekooga 5/6 likooga gakooga 7/8 kikooga bikooga 9/10 ekooga zikooga 11/10 rukooga 12/14 kakooga bukooga 13 — tukooga 14/6 bukooga gakooga 15/6 kukooga 16 hakooga — subject concord + -ayogere negative subject concord + -tooge person noun class singular plural first person ntooge tutooge second person otooge mutooge third person 1/2 atooge batooge 3/4 gutooge etooge 5/6 litooge gatooge 7/8 kitooge bitooge 9/10 etooge ziitooge 11/10 rutooge 12/14 katooge butooge 13 — tutooge 14/6 butooge gatooge 15/6 kutooge 16 hatooge — subject concord + -tarayogere experiential perfective affirmative subject concord + -rayogere person noun class singular plural first person ndayogere turayogere second person orayogere murayogere third person 1/2 arayogere barayogere 3/4 gurayogere erayogere 5/6 lirayogere garayogere 7/8 kirayogere birayogere 9/10 erayogere zirayogere 11/10 rurayogere 12/14 karayogere burayogere 13 — turayogere 14/6 burayogere garayogere 15/6 kurayogere 16 harayogere — negative ti- + subject concord + -koogaga person noun class singular plural first person tinkoogaga titukoogaga second person tokoogaga timukoogaga third person 1/2 takoogaga tibakoogaga 3/4 tigukoogaga tekoogaga 5/6 tirikoogaga tigakoogaga 7/8 tikikoogaga tibikoogaga 9/10 tekoogaga tizikoogaga 11/10 tirukoogaga 12/14 tikakoogaga tibukoogaga 13 — titukoogaga 14/6 tibukoogaga tigakoogaga 15/6 tikukoogaga 16 tihakoogaga — subject concord + -takoogaga cessative perfective affirmative subject concord + -aayogere person noun class singular plural first person naayogere twayogere second person waayogere mwayogere third person 1/2 yaayogere baayogere 3/4 gwayogere yaayogere 5/6 lyayogere gaayogere 7/8 kyayogere byayogere 9/10 yaayogere zaayogere 11/10 rwayogere 12/14 kaayogere bwayogere 13 — twayogere 14/6 bwayogere gaayogere 15/6 kwayogere 16 haayogere — past habitual affirmative subject concord + -ayogaga person noun class singular plural first person nayogaga twayogaga second person wayogaga mwayogaga third person 1/2 yayogaga baayogaga 3/4 gwayogaga yayogaga 5/6 lyayogaga gaayogaga 7/8 kyayogaga byayogaga 9/10 yayogaga zaayogaga 11/10 rwayogaga 12/14 kaayogaga bwayogaga 13 — twayogaga 14/6 bwayogaga gaayogaga 15/6 kwayogaga 16 haayogaga — negative ti- + subject concord + ayogaga person noun class singular plural first person tinayogaga titwayogaga second person tiwayogaga timwayogaga third person 1/2 tiyayogaga tibaayogaga 3/4 tigwayogaga tiyayogaga 5/6 tiryayogaga tigaayogaga 7/8 tikyayogaga tibyayogaga 9/10 tiyayogaga tizaayogaga 11/10 tirwayogaga 12/14 tikaayogaga tibwayogaga 13 — titwayogaga 14/6 tibwayogaga tigaayogaga 15/6 tikwayogaga 16 tihaayogaga — subject concord + -taayogaga near future affirmative subject concord + -raayoga person noun class singular plural first person ndaayoga turaayoga second person oraayoga muraayoga third person 1/2 araayoga baraayoga 3/4 guraayoga eraayoga 5/6 liraayoga garaayoga 7/8 kiraayoga biraayoga 9/10 eraayoga ziraayoga 11/10 ruraayoga 12/14 karaayoga buraayoga 13 — turaayoga 14/6 buraayoga garaayoga 15/6 kuraayoga 16 haraayoga — negative ti- + subject concord + -aayoge person noun class singular plural first person tinaayoge titwayoge second person tiwaayoge timwayoge third person 1/2 tiyaayoge tibaayoge 3/4 tigwayoge tiyaayoge 5/6 tiryayoge tigaayoge 7/8 tikyayoge tibyayoge 9/10 tiyaayoge tizaayoge 11/10 tirwayoge 12/14 tikaayoge tibwayoge 13 — titwayoge 14/6 tibwayoge tigaayoge 15/6 tikwayoge 16 tihaayoge — subject concord + -taayoge remote future affirmative subject concord + -lyoga person noun class singular plural first person ndyoga tulyoga second person olyoga mulyoga third person 1/2 alyoga balyoga 3/4 gulyoga eryoga 5/6 liryoga galyoga 7/8 kiryoga biryoga 9/10 eryoga ziryoga 11/10 rulyoga 12/14 kalyoga bulyoga 13 — tulyoga 14/6 bulyoga galyoga 15/6 kulyoga 16 halyoga — negative ti- + subject concord + -lyoga person noun class singular plural first person tindyoga titulyoga second person tolyoga timulyoga third person 1/2 talyoga tibalyoga 3/4 tigulyoga teryoga 5/6 tiriryoga tigalyoga 7/8 tikiryoga tibiryoga 9/10 teryoga tiziryoga 11/10 tirulyoga 12/14 tikalyoga tibulyoga 13 — titulyoga 14/6 tibulyoga tigalyoga 15/6 tikulyoga 16 tihalyoga — subject concord + -talyoga future habitual affirmative subject concord + -raayogaga person noun class singular plural first person ndaayogaga turaayogaga second person oraayogaga muraayogaga third person 1/2 araayogaga baraayogaga 3/4 guraayogaga eraayogaga 5/6 liraayogaga garaayogaga 7/8 kiraayogaga biraayogaga 9/10 eraayogaga ziraayogaga 11/10 ruraayogaga 12/14 karaayogaga buraayogaga 13 — turaayogaga 14/6 buraayogaga garaayogaga 15/6 kuraayogaga 16 haraayogaga — negative ti- + subject concord + -aayogege person noun class singular plural first person tinaayogege titwayogege second person tiwaayogege timwayogege third person 1/2 tiyaayogege tibaayogege 3/4 tigwayogege tiyaayogege 5/6 tiryayogege tigaayogege 7/8 tikyayogege tibyayogege 9/10 tiyaayogege tizaayogege 11/10 tirwayogege 12/14 tikaayogege tibwayogege 13 — titwayogege 14/6 tibwayogege tigaayogege 15/6 tikwayogege 16 tihaayogege — subject concord + -taayogege subjunctive affirmative subject concord + oge person noun class singular plural first person nyoge twoge second person oyoge mwoge third person 1/2 ayoge booge 3/4 gwoge eyoge 5/6 lyoge googe 7/8 kyoge byoge 9/10 eyoge zooge 11/10 rwoge 12/14 kooge bwoge 13 — twoge 14/6 bwoge googe 15/6 kwoge 16 hooge — negative subject concord + -tooga person noun class singular plural first person ntooga tutooga second person otooga mutooga third person 1/2 atooga batooga 3/4 gutooga etooga 5/6 litooga gatooga 7/8 kitooga bitooga 9/10 etooga zitooga 11/10 rutooga 12/14 katooga butooga 13 — tutooga 14/6 butooga gatooga 15/6 kutooga 16 hatooga — — subjunctive habitual affirmative subject concord + ogege person noun class singular plural first person nyogege twogege second person oyogege mwogege third person 1/2 ayogege boogege 3/4 gwogege eyogege 5/6 lyogege googege 7/8 kyogege byogege 9/10 eyogege zoogege 11/10 rwogege 12/14 koogege bwogege 13 — twogege 14/6 bwogege googege 15/6 kwogege 16 hoogege — hypothetical affirmative subject concord + -aakwoga person noun class singular plural first person naakwoga twakwoga second person waakwoga mwakwoga third person 1/2 yaakwoga baakwoga 3/4 gwakwoga yaakwoga 5/6 lyakwoga gaakwoga 7/8 kyakwoga byakwoga 9/10 yaakwoga zaakwoga 11/10 rwakwoga 12/14 kaakwoga bwakwoga 13 — twakwoga 14/6 bwakwoga gaakwoga 15/6 kwakwoga 16 haakwoga — negative ti- + subject concord + -aakwoga person noun class singular plural first person tinaakwoga titwakwoga second person tiwaakwoga timwakwoga third person 1/2 tiyaakwoga tibaakwoga 3/4 tigwakwoga tiyaakwoga 5/6 tiryakwoga tigaakwoga 7/8 tikyakwoga tibyakwoga 9/10 tiyaakwoga tizaakwoga 11/10 tirwakwoga 12/14 tikaakwoga tibwakwoga 13 — titwakwoga 14/6 tibwakwoga tigaakwoga 15/6 tikwakwoga 16 tihaakwoga — subject concord + -taakwoga conditional affirmative subject concord + -aakwogere person noun class singular plural first person naakwogere twakwogere second person waakwogere mwakwogere third person 1/2 yaakwogere baakwogere 3/4 gwakwogere yaakwogere 5/6 lyakwogere gaakwogere 7/8 kyakwogere byakwogere 9/10 yaakwogere zaakwogere 11/10 rwakwogere 12/14 kaakwogere bwakwogere 13 — twakwogere 14/6 bwakwogere gaakwogere 15/6 kwakwogere 16 haakwogere — negative ti- + subject concord + -aakwogere person noun class singular plural first person tinaakwogere titwakwogere second person tiwaakwogere timwakwogere third person 1/2 tiyaakwogere tibaakwogere 3/4 tigwakwogere tiyaakwogere 5/6 tiryakwogere tigaakwogere 7/8 tikyakwogere tibyakwogere 9/10 tiyaakwogere tizaakwogere 11/10 tirwakwogere 12/14 tikaakwogere tibwakwogere 13 — titwakwogere 14/6 tibwakwogere tigaakwogere 15/6 tikwakwogere 16 tihaakwogere — subject concord + -taakwogere

¹ The forms in this column are reduced relative forms; full relative forms require an augment before the subject concord.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Applicative: -ogera
  • Short causative: -ogya
  • Long causative: -ogesa

References

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[4], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 236
• Rubongoya, L. T. (2013), Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro–Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro–Rutooro dictionary]‎^[5], Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 309