瓦
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]瓦 (Kangxi radical 98, 瓦+0, 5 strokes in Chinese in traditional Chinese, 4 strokes in mainland China, 5 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 一女弓戈 (MVNI), four-corner 10717, composition ⿵⿸⿱一𠄌㇈丶(G) or ⿵⿸⿱丅㇀㇈丶(HTJKV))
- Kangxi radical #98, ⽡.
Derived characters
[edit]- Appendix:Chinese radical/瓦
- 佤, 咓, 㧚, 𭯽, 𣐎, 珁, 𥘳, 㽍, 砙, 𮕰, 𡨍, 𦍭, 缻, 𮗩, 𧧀, 𨀄, 𨠛, 𨥯, 𩐛, 䰛, 𩶏, 𤁦, 齀
- 邷, 𦓓, 𩿺(𬸁), 𡊝, 𡧗, 𭖋, 𦭈, 𥥟, 𨋐, 旊, 𢦭, 𠩅, 𢋩
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 747, character 36
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21438
- Dae Jaweon: page 1156, character 5
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1421, character 3
- Unihan data for U+74E6
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 瓦 | |
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simp. # | 瓦 | |
alternative forms | 𪜂 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 瓦 | ||
---|---|---|
Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – fired earthenware pottery, or a tile.
Etymology 1
[edit]Possibly derived from 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) by eliminating causative devoicing and adding an endoactive rising tone (上聲), literally “that which has transformed (through fire)” (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): wa3
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ва (va, II)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): ua3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): va2
- Northern Min (KCR): uà
- Eastern Min (BUC): nguâ / nguā
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ngo
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ua3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄨㄚˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: wǎ
- Wade–Giles: wa3
- Yale: wǎ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woa
- Palladius: ва (va)
- Sinological IPA (key): /wä²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: wa3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ua
- Sinological IPA (key): /ua⁵³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ва (va, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /va⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ngaa5
- Yale: ngáh
- Cantonese Pinyin: ngaa5
- Guangdong Romanization: nga5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaː¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: nga2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡa⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: ua3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ua²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngá
- Hakka Romanization System: ngaˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nga3
- Sinological IPA: /ŋa³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: va2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /va⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: uà
- Sinological IPA (key): /ua⁴²/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nguâ / nguā
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋuɑ²⁴²/, /ŋua³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- nguâ - vernacular;
- nguā - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Taipei, Tainan, Sanxia, Yilan, Hsinchu, Taichung)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang)
- (Hokkien: Kinmen, Magong)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hōa
- Tâi-lô: huā
- Phofsit Daibuun: hoa
- IPA (Kinmen): /hua²²/
- (Hokkien: Jinjiang, Lukang)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: góa
- Tâi-lô: guá
- Phofsit Daibuun: goar
- IPA (Xiamen): /ɡua⁵³/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡua⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- hiā/hiǎ/hōa/hǒa - vernacular;
- góa - literary;
- óa - literary (Zhangzhou, Taiwan), common variant (Xiamen, Quanzhou).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hia6 / ua1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiă / ua
- Sinological IPA (key): /hia³⁵/, /ua³³/
- hia6 - vernacular;
- ua1 - literary.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 瓦 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ua²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /ua²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /vɑ¹³/ | |
Jinan | /va⁵⁵/ | |
Qingdao | /va⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /ua⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /ua⁵³/ | |
Xining | /ua⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /va⁵³/ ~房 | |
Lanzhou | /va⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /va⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /ua⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /ua⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /ua⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /ua̠⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /uɑ²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /ua²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /va⁵³/ 磚~ |
Pingyao | /uɑ⁵³/ 名詞 | |
Hohhot | /va⁵³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ŋo²³/ |
Suzhou | /ŋo³¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /ʔuɑ⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ŋo³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /ua³⁵/ /ŋa³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /ŋɔ²⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /ua⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /uɒ⁴²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /uɑ²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /ŋa³¹/ |
Taoyuan | /ŋɑ³¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ŋa²³/ |
Nanning | /ŋa²⁴/ | |
Hong Kong | /ŋa¹³/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /gua⁵³/ /hia²²/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ua³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ua⁴²/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /ua⁵³/ /hia³⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /hia³³/ |
- Middle Chinese: ngwaeX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.ŋʷˤra[j]ʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷraːlʔ/
Definitions
[edit]瓦
- earthenware; earthenware pottery
- tile (roof covering)
- (historical) back of shield (arching, as if it is covered by tile)
- (historical) amusement park; market
- (historical, dialectal) protecting plate of wheel
- (music) Alternative name for 土 (tǔ, “earth”).
- Ancient placename in modern Hua County, Henan.
- a surname: Wa
Compounds
[edit]- 七十瓦上霜,八十不稀奇 (qīshí wǎ shàng shuāng, bāshí bù xīqí)
- 上無片瓦遮身,下無立錐之地/上无片瓦遮身,下无立锥之地
- 三瓦兩舍/三瓦两舍
- 三瓦四舍
- 丟下瓦磚兒,一個個要著地/丢下瓦砖儿,一个个要著地
- 丟磚料瓦/丢砖料瓦
- 冰散瓦解
- 冰消瓦解 (bīngxiāowǎjiě)
- 化瓦糧/化瓦粮
- 南瓦子
- 反打瓦
- 各人自掃檐前雪,莫管他家瓦上霜/各人自扫檐前雪,莫管他家瓦上霜
- 各人自掃門前雪,休管他人瓦上霜/各人自扫门前雪,休管他人瓦上霜
- 各人自掃門前雪,莫管他家瓦上霜/各人自扫门前雪,莫管他家瓦上霜
- 吃瓦片兒/吃瓦片儿 (chī wǎpiànr)
- 單浪瓦房子/单浪瓦房子
- 土崩瓦解 (tǔbēngwǎjiě)
- 土雞瓦犬/土鸡瓦犬
- 大小金瓦寺
- 寧可玉碎,不為瓦全/宁可玉碎,不为瓦全
- 寧可玉碎,不能瓦全/宁可玉碎,不能瓦全
- 寧為玉碎,不為瓦全/宁为玉碎,不为瓦全
- 小青瓦
- 屋瓦 (wūwǎ)
- 弄瓦 (nòngwǎ)
- 弄瓦之喜 (nòngwǎzhīxǐ)
- 打瓦
- 明瓦
- 望風瓦解/望风瓦解
- 木瓦 (mùwǎ)
- 朱瓦碧甍
- 朱甍碧瓦
- 板瓦 (bǎnwǎ)
- 根椽片瓦
- 毀方瓦合/毁方瓦合
- 毀瓦畫墁/毁瓦画墁
- 泥瓦匠 (níwǎjiàng)
- 泥豬瓦狗/泥猪瓦狗
- 添磚加瓦/添砖加瓦 (tiānzhuānjiāwǎ)
- 滴水瓦
- 片瓦根椽
- 片瓦無存/片瓦无存
- 琉璃瓦 (liúlíwǎ)
- 瓦下
- 瓦全 (wǎquán)
- 瓦剌 (Wǎlā)
- 瓦匠 (wǎjiàng)
- 瓦合
- 瓦合之卒
- 瓦器 (wǎqì)
- 瓦器蚌盤/瓦器蚌盘
- 瓦圈 (wǎquān)
- 瓦埠 (Wǎbù)
- 瓦塊/瓦块
- 瓦壟/瓦垄 (wǎlǒng)
- 瓦壟子/瓦垄子
- 瓦子
- 瓦屋 (wǎwū)
- 瓦市
- 瓦影龜魚/瓦影龟鱼
- 瓦松 (wǎsōng)
- 瓦棺篆鼎
- 瓦楞 (wǎléng)
- 瓦楞子 (wǎléngzi)
- 瓦楞帽
- 瓦楞紙/瓦楞纸
- 瓦溝/瓦沟
- 瓦灶繩床/瓦灶绳床
- 瓦片 (wǎpiàn)
- 瓦獸/瓦兽
- 瓦當/瓦当 (wǎdāng)
- 瓦當文/瓦当文
- 瓦盆
- 瓦石峽/瓦石峡 (Wǎshíxiá)
- 瓦碴兒/瓦碴儿
- 瓦礫/瓦砾 (wǎlì)
- 瓦窯/瓦窑 (wǎyáo)
- 瓦罐
- 瓦罐不離井上破/瓦罐不离井上破
- 瓦舍 (wǎshè)
- 瓦解 (wǎjiě)
- 瓦解冰泮
- 瓦解冰消
- 瓦解冰銷/瓦解冰销
- 瓦解土崩
- 瓦解星散
- 瓦解星飛/瓦解星飞
- 瓦解雲散/瓦解云散
- 瓦釜之鳴/瓦釜之鸣
- 瓦釜雷鳴/瓦釜雷鸣
- 瓷瓦兒/瓷瓦儿
- 石棉瓦
- 破瓦頹垣/破瓦颓垣
- 硯瓦/砚瓦 (yànwǎ)
- 碧瓦
- 碧瓦朱甍
- 磚瓦/砖瓦 (zhuānwǎ)
- 繩床瓦灶/绳床瓦灶
- 纍瓦結繩/累瓦结绳
- 缸瓦 (gāngwǎ)
- 虛舟飄瓦/虚舟飘瓦
- 銅瓦/铜瓦
- 陶犬瓦雞/陶犬瓦鸡
- 雷鳴瓦釜/雷鸣瓦釜
- 青瓦臺/青瓦台 (Qīngwǎtái)
- 飛磚擲瓦/飞砖掷瓦
- 鴛鴦瓦/鸳鸯瓦
Descendants
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Derived from etymology 1 with denominal verbalization.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): nga3
- Jin (Wiktionary): va3
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄨㄚˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: wà
- Wade–Giles: wa4
- Yale: wà
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wah
- Palladius: ва (va)
- Sinological IPA (key): /wä⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ngaa6
- Yale: ngah
- Cantonese Pinyin: ngaa6
- Guangdong Romanization: nga6
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaː²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: nga2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡa⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: va3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /va⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiā
- Tâi-lô: hiā
- Phofsit Daibuun: hia
- IPA (Xiamen): /hia²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa
- Tâi-lô: guā
- Phofsit Daibuun: goa
- IPA (Xiamen): /ɡua²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- hiā - vernacular;
- gōa - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: huê7
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huē
- Sinological IPA (key): /hue¹¹/
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 瓦 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | |
Harbin | /ua⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | ||
Jinan | ||
Qingdao | ||
Zhengzhou | ||
Xi'an | ||
Xining | ||
Yinchuan | /va¹³/ ~刀 | |
Lanzhou | ||
Ürümqi | ||
Wuhan | ||
Chengdu | ||
Guiyang | ||
Kunming | ||
Nanjing | ||
Hefei | ||
Jin | Taiyuan | /va⁴⁵/ 泥~匠 |
Pingyao | /uɑ³⁵/ 動詞 | |
Hohhot | ||
Wu | Shanghai | |
Suzhou | ||
Hangzhou | ||
Wenzhou | ||
Hui | Shexian | |
Tunxi | ||
Xiang | Changsha | |
Xiangtan | ||
Gan | Nanchang | |
Hakka | Meixian | |
Taoyuan | ||
Cantonese | Guangzhou | |
Nanning | ||
Hong Kong | ||
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | ||
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | ||
Shantou (Teochew) | ||
Haikou (Hainanese) |
- Middle Chinese: ngwaeH
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷraːls/
Definitions
[edit]瓦
Compounds
[edit]- 瓦刀 (wàdāo)
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): nga3
- Eastern Min (BUC): nguā
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄨㄚˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: wǎ
- Wade–Giles: wa3
- Yale: wǎ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woa
- Palladius: ва (va)
- Sinological IPA (key): /wä²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ngaa5
- Yale: ngáh
- Cantonese Pinyin: ngaa5
- Guangdong Romanization: nga5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaː¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: nga2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡa⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nguā
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋua³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Definitions
[edit]瓦
Synonyms
[edit]- (watt):
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 瓦特, 瓦 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 瓦 |
Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 支光 |
Guiyang | 支光, 瓦 | |
Guilin | 瓦 | |
Dagudi (Maliba) | 瓦 | |
Reshuitang (Longling) | 瓦 | |
Mae Salong (Lancang) | 瓦 | |
Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 瓦 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 火, 𡆇 |
Hong Kong | 火, 𡆇 | |
Taishan (Guanghai) | 瓦 | |
Beihai | 瓦 | |
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 瓦, 火 | |
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 瓦 | |
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 瓦 | |
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 瓦 | |
Móng Cái | 瓦 | |
Mandalay (Taishan) | 度 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 𡆇 |
Southern Min | Shantou | 瓦 |
Wu | Hangzhou | 支光 |
Ningbo | 支光 |
Compounds
[edit]- 亞瓦格/亚瓦格 (yàwǎgé)
- 伊洛瓦底江 (Yīluòwǎdǐ Jiāng)
- 催淚瓦斯/催泪瓦斯 (cuīlèi wǎsī)
- 努瓦克肖特 (Nǔwǎkèxiàotè)
- 千瓦 (qiānwǎ)
- 千瓦時/千瓦时
- 史瓦濟蘭/史瓦济兰 (Shǐwǎjìlán)
- 吐瓦魯/吐瓦鲁 (Tǔwǎlǔ)
- 哈瓦那 (Hāwǎnà)
- 喀瓦克 (Kāwǎkè)
- 圖瓦/图瓦 (Túwǎ)
- 天然瓦斯
- 密涅瓦 (Mìnièwǎ)
- 巴依阿瓦提 (Bāyī'āwǎtí)
- 德拉瓦河
- 扎瓦 (Zhāwǎ)
- 摩爾多瓦/摩尔多瓦 (Mó'ěrduōwǎ)
- 斯里賈亞瓦德納普拉科特/斯里贾亚瓦德纳普拉科特 (Sīlǐ Jiǎyàwǎdénàpǔlā Kētè)
- 日內瓦/日内瓦 (Rìnèiwǎ)
- 日內瓦公約/日内瓦公约
- 杜瓦 (Dùwǎ)
- 毒瓦斯 (dúwǎsī)
- 液化瓦斯
- 液體瓦斯/液体瓦斯
- 瓦努阿圖/瓦努阿图 (Wǎnǔ'ātú)
- 瓦斯 (wǎsī)
- 瓦斯中毒
- 瓦斯彈/瓦斯弹
- 瓦斯槍/瓦斯枪
- 瓦斯爐/瓦斯炉 (wǎsīlú)
- 瓦斯車/瓦斯车
- 瓦根基 (Wǎgēnjī)
- 瓦特 (wǎtè)
- 瓦特表
- 窩瓦河/窝瓦河
- 納瓦/纳瓦 (Nàwǎ)
- 英阿瓦提 (Yīng'āwǎtí)
- 薩爾瓦多/萨尔瓦多 (Sà'ěrwǎduō)
- 蘇瓦/苏瓦 (Sūwǎ)
- 赤瓦不剌海
- 阿瓦
- 阿瓦提 (Āwǎtí)
- 雅瓦 (Yǎwǎ)
References
[edit]- “瓦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[5], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: げ (ge)←げ (ge, historical)←ぐゑ (gwe, ancient)
- Kan-on: が (ga, Jōyō)←ぐわ (gwa, historical)
- Kun: かわら (kawara, 瓦, Jōyō)←かはら (kafara, 瓦, historical); グラム (guramu, 瓦)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tiled_roof_in_Dubrovnik-edit.jpg/220px-Tiled_roof_in_Dubrovnik-edit.jpg)
Kanji in this term |
---|
瓦 |
かわら Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
𦨞 (rare) |
/kapara/ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/
Probably from Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “cup, bowl, skull”),[1][2][3] possibly via Middle Chinese 迦波羅 (MC kae pa la). Along with Buddhism, roof tiles came to Japan in the Asuka period.[3][4][5]
Cognate with 骨, 䯊 (kawara, “a bone, particularly a covering bone such as a skull or kneecap”).
Folk etymologies include:
- From 変わら (kawara), the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 変わる (kawaru, “to change”), from the idea that tiles were produced by changing the clay into pottery through firing
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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瓦 |
グラム Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
Abbreviation of transliterated ateji (当て字) spelling 瓦蘭姆 (guramu), attested in the Meiji period. The term グラム (guramu) itself was borrowed from either English gram or French gramme.[1][6]
Once considered a 国字 (kokuji, “national character”, a kanji coined in Japan), another example being 瓲 (ton, “ton, tonne”).
For pronunciation and definitions of 瓦 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 瓦, is an alternative spelling (dated) of the above term.) |
Derived terms
[edit]- 瓱 (miriguramu, “milligram, milligramme”)
- 甅 (senchiguramu, “centigram, centigramme”)
- 瓰 (deshiguramu, “decigram, decigramme”)
- 瓧 (dekaguramu, “decagram, decagramme”)
- 瓸 (hekutoguramu, “hectogram, hectogramme”)
- 瓩 (kiroguramu, “kilogram, kilogramme”)
Etymology 3
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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瓦 |
が Grade: S |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 瓦 (MC ngwaeX|ngwaeH).
Pronunciation
[edit]Affix
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “瓦・𦨞”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 “瓦”, in 世界大百科事典 第2版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
- ^ “瓦”, in 日本大百科全書:ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
- ^ “瓦”, in ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典 (Buritanika Kokusai Dai Hyakka Jiten: Shō Kōmoku Jiten, “Encyclopædia Britannica International: Micropædia”)[4] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Britannica Japan Co., Ltd., 2014
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 瓦 (MC ngwaeX).
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅪᆼ〯 (Yale: ngwǎ) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 와〯 (wǎ) (Yale: wǎ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [wa̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [와]
Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [6]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]瓦: Hán Nôm readings: ngõa/ngoã, ngói, ngoa
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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