鳩

See also: 鸠

鳩 U+9CE9, 鳩 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9CE9 ← 鳨 [U+9CE8] CJK Unified Ideographs 鳪 → [U+9CEA]

Translingual

Han character

鳩 (Kangxi radical 196, 鳥+2, 13 strokes, cangjie input 大弓竹日火 (KNHAF), four-corner 4702₇, composition ⿰九鳥)

Derived characters

• 𤄄

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1481, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 46648
• Dae Jaweon: page 2013, character 12
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4613, character 13
• Unihan data for U+9CE9

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Chinese

trad.		鳩
simp.		鸠
alternative forms		䲥 𩾛

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 鳩
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (九) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
尻	*kʰuː
訄	*kʰuː, *kʰu, *ɡu
艽	*krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw, *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
虓	*qʰruː
鳩	*ku
勼	*ku
九	*kuʔ
究	*kus
仇	*ɡu
鼽	*ɡu
犰	*ɡu
叴	*ɡu
厹	*ɡu
頄	*ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
朹	*ɡu, *kʷrɯwʔ
馗	*ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
扏	*ɡu
訅	*ɡu
釚	*ɡu
肍	*ɡu
軌	*kʷrɯwʔ
宄	*kʷrɯwʔ
氿	*kʷrɯwʔ
匭	*kʷrɯwʔ
泦	*kuɡ
旭	*qʰʷoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ku) : phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-k(r)əw (“dove, pigeon”) (Benedict, 1974; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Compare Tibetan འང་གུ ('ang gu, “pigeon”), Proto-Loloish *m-krəw², Burmese ချိုး (hkyui:), Proto-Kuki-Chin *khruu.

In some southern Chinese dialects, 鳩／鸠 (jiū) is pronounced with aspirated initial /kʰ/ due to taboo considerations.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): jiū (jiu¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiu¹

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kau¹ / gau¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): geu¹

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kiêu

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gêu¹

• Jin (Wiktionary): jiou¹
• Northern Min (KCR): kiú
• Eastern Min (BUC): kiŭ
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiu / khiu

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kiu¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹jieu
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jy¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiū
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiou
    • Wade–Giles: chiu¹
    • Yale: jyōu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiou
    • Palladius: цзю (czju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: jiu¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiəu⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: kau¹ / gau¹
    • Yale: kāu / gāu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kau¹ / gau¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: keo¹ / geo¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɐu̯⁵⁵/, /kɐu̯⁵⁵/

Note:

• kau1 - common for non-vulgar senses;
• gau1 - common for vulgar senses.

• (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  • Wiktionary: geu¹
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /keu³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiêu
    • Hakka Romanization System: gieu^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gieu¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯eu̯²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gêu¹
    • Sinological IPA: /keu⁴⁴/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: jiou¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiəu¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kiú
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiu⁵⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kiŭ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰieu⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiu
    • Tâi-lô: kiu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiw
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu³³/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiu
    • Tâi-lô: khiu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiw
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiu⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kiu¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiu³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹jieu
    • MiniDict: jieu^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹jjieu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /d͡ʑiɤ⁵³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: jy¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕy³³/

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• Middle Chinese: kjuw

Rime
Character	鳩
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居求切
Baxter	kjuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/kiu/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuw/
Li Rong	/kiu/
Wang Li	/kĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k](r)u/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ku/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鳩
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiū
Middle Chinese	‹ kjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*[k](r)u/
English	(a kind of bird)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鳩
Reading #	1/1
No.	6939
Phonetic component	九
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	鳩
Old Chinese	/*ku/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 鳩

1. pigeon; dove (family Columbidae)

   • 維鵲有巢，維鳩居之。之子于歸，百兩御之。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     维鹊有巢，维鸠居之。之子于归，百两御之。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Wéi què yǒu cháo, wéi jiū jū zhī. Zhīzǐ yú guī, bǎi liàng yù zhī. [Pinyin]

     The nest is the magpie's; the dove dwells in it. This young lady is going to her future home; a hundred carriages are meeting her.

2. (literary) to gather; to assemble
3. (Cantonese, vulgar) (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 㞗 (gau¹).

   含鳩／含鸠 [Cantonese]  ―  ham⁴ gau¹ [Jyutping]  ―  to suck a dick

Descendants

• →? Proto-Hmong: *ɴquᴬ (“pigeon”)

References

• “鳩”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

鳩

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: く (ku)
• Kan-on: きゅう (kyū)^{←きう (kiu, historical)}
• Kun: はと (hato, 鳩)、あつめる (atsumeru, 鳩める)
• Nanori: やす (yasu)

Compounds

• 鳩尾(みぞおち) (mizoochi)
• 斑鳩(いかる) (ikaru), 斑鳩(いかるが) (ikaruga)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
鳩
はと Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
鴿

鳩 (hato): a pigeon, a dove.

⟨pato₁⟩ → */patʷo/ → /ɸato/ → /hato/

From Old Japanese, appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

Possibly ultimately from はたはた (hatahata), an onomatopoeia for the sound of a dove or pigeon's wings in flight.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) はと [háꜜtò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ha̠to̞]

Noun

鳩(はと) or 鳩(ハト) • (hato) 

1. pigeon, dove (bird of genus Columba)

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ハト.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 鳩(はと)車(ぐるま) (hatoguruma, “pigeon cart”)
• 鳩(はと)小(ご)屋(や) (hatogoya, “dovecote”)
• 鳩(はと)根(こん)性(じょう) (hato konjō): “pigeon-spirited” → appearing composed while harboring resentment
• はと座(ざ) (Hato-za): the Dove or Columba constellation
• 鳩(はと)酒(ざけ) (hatozake): an old kind of medicine, wherein a pigeon would be tenderized and the bones broken, then the whole carcass would be covered in sake and miso and stewed, purportedly used to treat back pain and poor circulation in the extremities
• 鳩(はと)染(ぞ)め (hatozome): “pigeon dyeing” → dyeing, or something dyed, in the colors of the turtledove or Japanese green pigeon
• 鳩(はと)派(は) (hatoha): (politics) the doves (proponents of peace; as opposed to the hawks, proponents of war)
• 鳩(はと)羽(ば)色(いろ) (hatobairo, “pigeon-wing color → a dark blue-gray”)
• 鳩(はと)笛(ぶえ) (hatobue, “pigeon flute”)
• 鳩(はと)吹(ふ)く (hatofuku, “to make a dove call”, such as by blowing a kind of whistle formed by one's cupped hands)
• 鳩(はと)麦(むぎ) (hatomugi, “pigeon barley → Job's tears, tear grass”)
• 鳩(はと)胸(むね) (hatomune)

Idioms

• 鳩(はと)が豆(まめ)鉄(てっ)砲(ぽう)を食(く)ったよう (hato ga mameteppō o kutta yō, “like a pigeon that ate a peashooter → dumbfounded, taken by surprise”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
鳩
きゅう Jinmeiyō
kan'on

/kiu/ → /kʲuː/

From Middle Chinese 鳩 (MC kjuw).

Affix

鳩(きゅう) • (kyū) ^{←きう (kiu)?}

1. pigeon, dove
2. (by extension) gather together (from the way that pigeons flock together)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 鳩(きゅう)居(きょ) (kyūkyo, “pigeon in a magpie's nest; living in a rented house or apartment”)
• 鳩(きゅう)合(ごう) (kyūgō)
• 鳩(きゅう)舎(しゃ) (kyūsha)
• 鳩(きゅう)車(しゃ) (kyūsha, “pigeon cart”)
• 鳩(きゅう)首(しゅ) (kyūshu, “putting heads together, consulting in a group”)

Further reading

• Entry at Nihon Jiten (in Japanese)

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Korean

Hanja

鳩 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)

1. pigeon, dove
2. collect, assemble

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Vietnamese

Han character

鳩: Hán Nôm readings: cưu

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.