算

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See also: 祘
算 U+7B97, 算
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7B97
← 箖
[U+7B96] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 箘 →
[U+7B98]

Translingual

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Stroke order
14 strokes

Han character

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算 (Kangxi radical 118, 竹+8, 14 strokes, cangjie input 竹月山廿 (HBUT), four-corner 88446, composition ⿱𥫗𥃲 or ⿱𥬥廾)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 888, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26146
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1315, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2981, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+7B97

Chinese

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trad. 算
simp. # 算
2nd round simp. 祘
alternative forms 𥫫
筭
祘
𮅕

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 算
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (算) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
纂 *ʔsloːnʔ
繤 *ʔsloːnʔ
算 *sloːnʔ, *sloːns
匴 *sloːnʔ
篹 *sloːnʔ
篡 *sʰroːns
攥 *ʔsloːd

In current form, 竹 (“bamboo”) + 目 + 廾.

The 目 portion may have originally represented counting rods (or possibly an abacus, although the character is believed to predate its invention). Such rods were typically made from bamboo.

Similar but unrelated to 具.

Etymology

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It has been compared with Tibetan གཤོར (gshor, “to count, to measure, to weigh”) by Gong (1995).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • sǹg/sùiⁿ - colloquial;
  • soàn - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 算
Mandarin Beijing /suan⁵¹/
Harbin /suan⁵³/
Tianjin /suan⁵³/
Jinan /suã²¹/
Qingdao /suã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /suan³¹²/
Xi'an /suã⁴⁴/
Xining /suã²¹³/
Yinchuan /suan¹³/ ～術
/suan⁵³/ ～了
Lanzhou /suɛ̃n¹³/
Ürümqi /suan²¹³/
Wuhan /san³⁵/
Chengdu /suan¹³/
Guiyang /suan²¹³/
Kunming /suã̠²¹²/
Nanjing /suaŋ⁴⁴/
Hefei /sʊ̃⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /suæ̃⁴⁵/
Pingyao /suɑŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /suæ̃⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /sø³⁵/
Suzhou /sø⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /sz̩ʷõ⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /sø⁴²/
Hui Shexian /so³²⁴/
Tunxi /suːə⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /sõ⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /sɔn⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /sɵn⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /son⁵³/
Taoyuan /son⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /syn³³/
Nanning /ɬyn³³/
Hong Kong /syn³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /suan²¹/
/sŋ̍²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /sɔuŋ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /sɔŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /suaŋ²¹³/
/sɯŋ²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /suaŋ²³/
/tui³⁵/
Rime
Character 算
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 桓 (62)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇管切
Baxter swanX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/suɑnX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sʷɑnX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/suɑnX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/swanX/
Li
Rong 		/suɑnX/
Wang
Li 		/suɑnX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/suɑnX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		suǎn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		syun2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 算
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		suàn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ swanH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]ˁorʔ-s/
English calculate; tally

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 算 算
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 12137 12140
Phonetic
component 		算 算
Rime
group 		元 元
Rime
subdivision 		3 3
Corresponding
MC rime 		算 筭
Old
Chinese 		/*sloːnʔ/ /*sloːns/

Definitions

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算

  1. to count; to calculate; to figure
  2. to plan; to arrange; to design
  3. to guess; to estimate; to approximate
  4. to regard as; to consider
  5. to count; to be of significance
  6. to let it pass; to give up
  7. finally; eventually
  8. Alternative form of 筭 (suàn, “ancient device for counting numbers”)
  9. (Guanzhong Mandarin, Mandarin) while
    伢算說算笑／伢算说算笑 [Guanzhong Mandarin]  ―  niǎ suān shě suān xiāo [Guanzhong Pinyin]  ―  He speaks as he laughs
  10. (Hong Kong) ratio between two currencies, expressed with only the first significant figure
    日元兌港元跌穿六算。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    日元兑港元跌穿六算。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    jat6 jyun4 deoi3 gong2 jyun4 dit3 cyun1 luk6 syun3. [Jyutping]
    The exchange rate between Japanese Yen and Hong Kong Dollars has dropped below the ratio of 1 JPY to 0.06 HKD [literally: …below the ratio of 6.]

Synonyms

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  • (to calculate):
Dialectal synonyms of 算 (“to calculate”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 算, 計算, 計數
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 算
Malaysia 算
Singapore 算
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 算
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 算
Xi'an 算
Lanyin Mandarin Ürümqi 算
Southwestern Mandarin Guilin 算
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 算
Cantonese Guangzhou 計
Hong Kong 計
Taishan 計
Dongguan 計
Singapore (Guangfu) 計
Gan Nanchang 算
Lichuan 算
Hakka Meixian 算
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 算
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 算
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 算
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 算
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 算
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 算
Kuching (Hepo) 算
Huizhou Jixi 算
Eastern Min Fuzhou 算
Southern Min Tainan 算
Singapore (Hokkien) 算
Shantou 算
Singapore (Teochew) 算
Wu Shanghai 算
Jinhua 算
  • (to plan):
edit
  • (to guess):
edit
  • (to regard):
edit

Compounds

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Descendants

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  • → Lü: ᦉᦸᧃᧈ (ṡoan¹)

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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算

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. Counting, calculation

Readings

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Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 算 (MC swanX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 솬〯 (Yale: swǎn)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 혤〯 (Yale: hyěyl) 산〯 (Yale: sǎn)

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)n]
  • Phonetic hangul: [산(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

算 (eumhun 셈 산 (sem san))

  1. hanja form? of 산 (“to count; to calculate”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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算: Hán Nôm readings: toán, toan

  1. chữ Hán form of toán (“mathematics”).
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