کو

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Alviri-Vidari

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Adverb

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کو (ko)

  1. (interrogative) where
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Deccani

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Etymology

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Ultimately from a derivative of Sanskrit कृ (kṛ, to do). Compare Hindi को (ko) / Urdu کو (ko), Braj कौ (kau).

Postposition

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کو ()

  1. marks the dative case: to
    میرے کوmere to me

Malay

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Pronoun

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کو

  1. Jawi spelling of ku

See also

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Malay personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person standard sayaساي
akuاکو, ku-كو- (informal/towards God)
-ku-كو (informal possessive)
hambaهمبا (dated)
kamiکامي (exclusive)
kita orangكيت اورڠ (informal exclusive)
kitaکيت (inclusive)
royal betaبيتا
2nd person standard kamuکامو
andaاندا (formal)
engkauاڠکاو, kau-كاو- (informal/towards God)
awakاوق (friendly/older towards younger)
-mu-مو (possessive)
awak semuaاوق سموا
kamu semuaكامو سموا
kalianکالين (informal)
kau orangكاو اورڠ (informal)
royal tuankuتوانكو
3rd person standard diaدي
iaاي
beliauبلياو (honorific)
-nya (possessive)
merekaمريک
dia orangدي اورڠ (informal)
royal bagindaبݢيندا

Persian

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Etymology 1

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Pronunciation

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Readings
Classical reading?
Dari reading?
Iranian reading? ku
Tajik reading? ku

Adverb

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کو (ku)

  1. (colloquial or poetic) where is...
    Synonym: کجاست (kojâ-st)
    مدادت کو؟medâd-et ku?Where is your pencil?
    مرده کو؟ (colloquial)mard-e ku?Where is the man?
  2. (archaic) where

Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Readings
Classical reading?
Dari reading?
Iranian reading? ku
Tajik reading?

Noun

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کو (ku)

  1. Alternative form of کوی (kuy, street; city block).

Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Readings
Classical reading?
Dari reading?
Iranian reading? ku
Tajik reading?

Contraction

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کو (ku)

  1. Contraction of که او (ke u, that he/she...; which...).

Urdu

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Etymology

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Inherited from Old Hindi काहू (kāhū), काहु (kāhu), from Sauraseni Prakrit [Term?], from Sanskrit कक्षे (kákṣe, in the armpit), locative singular of कक्ष (kákṣa, armpit), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *káṭṣas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *káćšas, from Proto-Indo-European *kóḱsos (joint).[1] Compare Deccani کو (), Braj कौ (kau), Assamese -ক (-k).

The semantic development of the terms was in the armpit > at the side > towards > to. Deccani (and other Southern dialects of Hindustani) had a parallel development which also includes a locative sense.

Pronunciation

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Postposition

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کو (ko) (Hindi spelling को)

  1. marks the dative case: to
    میرے بھائی کو پانی دیں۔
    mere bhāī ko pānī dẽ.
    Please give some water to my elder brother.
    لاہور کوlāhaur koto Lahore
    اوپر کوūpar koupwards
  2. in, at the time of
    میں شام کو گھر لوٹوں گا۔
    ma͠i śām ko ghar lauṭū̃ gā.
    I will return home in the evening.

Usage notes

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کو (ko) marks the dative. It can be used as a postfix similar to -wards (e.g. اوپر کو (ūpar ko, upwards); آگے کو (āge ko, afterwards)).

It is suffixed to oblique forms of pronouns as well, e.g. the dative of میں (ma͠i, I) is مجھ کو (mujh ko).

References

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  1. ^ Reinöhl, Uta (2016) “The diverse origins of the Hindi simple postpositions”, in Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan, →ISBN
  • McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “को”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
  • Platts, John T. (1884) “کو”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press