令

See also: 命

Translingual

Traditional	令
Simplified	令
Japanese	令
Korean	令

Han character

令 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓戈 (OINI), four-corner 8030₇, composition ⿱亽龴(G) or ⿱亼龴(HTV) or ⿱亼ㄗ(JK or U+F9A8))

Derived characters

• 伶, 冷, 呤, 坽, 姈, 岭, 泠, 彾, 怜, 拎, 昤, 朎, 柃, 玲, 𪽏, 𪾧, 羚, 紷, 聆, 蛉, 軨(𫐉), 鈴(铃), 魿, 齡(齢/龄), 刢, 𬾂, 瓴, 翎, 領(领), 鴒(鸰), 𬹴, 命, 岺, 苓, 笭, 閝(𫠂), 零, 囹

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 93, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 387
• Dae Jaweon: page 198, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 111, character 10
• Unihan data for U+4EE4

• Unihan data for U+F9A8

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Chinese

trad.		令
simp. #		令

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 令
Shang		Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script j21073 j21074 j21075 j21076 j21077 j21078 j21079 j21080 j21081 j21082 j21083 j21084 j21085 j21086 j21087 j21088 j21089 j21090 j21091 j21092 j21093 j21094 j21095 j21096 j21097 j21098 j21099 j21100 j21101 j21102 j21103 j21104 j21105 j21106 j21107 j21108 j21109 j21110 j21111 j21112 j21113 j21114 j21115 j21116 j21117 j21118 j21119 j21120 j21121 j21122 j21123 j21124 j21125 j21126 j21127 j21128 j21129 j21130 j21131 j21132 j21133 j21134 j21135 j21136 j21137 j21138 j21139 j21140 j21141 j21142 j21143 j21144 j21145 j21146 j21147 j21148 j21149 j21150 j21151 j21152 j21153 j21154 j21155 j21156 j21157 j21158 j21159 j21160 j21161 j21162 j21163 j21164 j21165 j21166 j21167 j21168 j21169 j21170 Bronze inscriptions b13977 b13978 b13979 b13980 b13981 b13982 b13983 b13984 b13985 b13986 b13987 b13988 b13989 b13990 b13991 b13992 b13993 b13994 b13995 b13996 b13997 b13998 b13999 b14000 b14001 b14002 b14003 b14004 b14005 b14006 b14007 b14008 b14009 b14010 b14011 b14012 b14013 b14014 b14015 b14016 b14017 b14018 b14019 b14020 b14021 b14022 b14023 b14024 b14025 b14026 b14027 b14028 b14029 b14030 b14031 b14032 b14033 b14034 b14035 b14036 b14037 b14038 b14039 b14040 Small seal script s06555 Transcribed ancient scripts L37178 L37179 L37180 L37181 L37182 L37183 L37184 L37185 L37186 L24398 L24399 L24400 L24401 L24402 L24403 L24404 L24405 L24406 L24407 L24408 L24409
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (令) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
令	*ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs
怜	*riːn, *reːŋ
零	*riːŋ, *reːŋ, *reːŋs
魿	*ɡriŋ, *reːŋ
命	*mreŋs
冷	*raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ
跉	*reŋ, *reːŋ
嶺	*reŋʔ
領	*reŋʔ
阾	*reŋʔ, *reːŋ
柃	*reŋʔ, *reːŋ
袊	*reŋʔ
詅	*reŋs, *reːŋ
旍	*ʔsleŋ
舲	*reːŋ
齡	*reːŋ
囹	*reːŋ
鴒	*reːŋ
蛉	*reːŋ
鈴	*reːŋ
苓	*reːŋ
伶	*reːŋ
泠	*reːŋ
瓴	*reːŋ
拎	*reːŋ
刢	*reːŋ
玲	*reːŋ
聆	*reːŋ
竛	*reːŋ
軨	*reːŋ
笭	*reːŋ, *reːŋʔ
翎	*reːŋ
閝	*reːŋ
鹷	*reːŋ
昤	*reːŋ
駖	*reːŋ
彾	*reːŋ
呤	*reːŋ
狑	*reːŋ
秢	*reːŋ
岭	*reːŋ
紷	*reːŋ
砱	*reːŋ
羚	*reːŋ
姈	*reːŋ
蕶	*reːŋ
澪	*reːŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 亼 + 卩.

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): lìng (ling⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ling⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lin
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lēng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lêng⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lìng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lìng
    • Wade–Giles: ling⁴
    • Yale: lìng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linq
    • Palladius: лин (lin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ling⁶
    • Yale: lihng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ling⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: ling⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪŋ²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lin
    • Hakka Romanization System: lin
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lin⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /lin⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lēng
    • Tâi-lô: līng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: leng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /liɪŋ²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /liɪŋ³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪŋ³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: lêng⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lĕng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /leŋ³⁵/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 令
Mandarin	Beijing	/liŋ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/liŋ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/liŋ⁵³/
	Jinan	/liŋ²¹/
	Qingdao	/liŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/liŋ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/liŋ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/liə̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/liŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/lĩn¹³/
	Ürümqi	/liŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/nin³⁵/
	Chengdu	/nin¹³/
	Guiyang	/nin²¹³/
	Kunming	/lĩ¹/
	Nanjing	/lin⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/lin⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/liəŋ⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/liŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/lĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/liŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/lin³¹/
	Hangzhou	/lin¹³/
	Wenzhou	/leŋ²²/
Hui	Shexian	/liʌ̃³¹/
	Tunxi	/lɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/lin⁵⁵/
	Xiangtan	/nin⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/lin²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/lin⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/lin⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/leŋ²²/
	Nanning	/leŋ²²/
	Hong Kong	/liŋ²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/liŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/lɛiŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/leiŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/leŋ³⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/leŋ³³/ 使～(俗)

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• Middle Chinese: ljeng, ljengH, lengH

Rime
Character	令	令	令
Reading #	2/5	4/5	5/5
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	來 (37)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	清 (121)	清 (121)	青 (125)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	IV
Fanqie	呂貞切	力政切	郎定切
Baxter	ljeng	ljengH	lengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/liᴇŋ/	/liᴇŋH/	/leŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/liɛŋ/	/liɛŋH/	/leŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/liæŋ/	/liæŋH/	/lɛŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/liajŋ/	/liajŋH/	/lɛjŋH/
Li Rong	/liɛŋ/	/liɛŋH/	/leŋH/
Wang Li	/lĭɛŋ/	/lĭɛŋH/	/lieŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯ɛŋ/	/li̯ɛŋH/	/lieŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	líng	lìng	lìng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ling4	ling6	ling6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*riŋ/, /*riŋ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*reŋ/, /*reŋs/, /*reːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	令	令
Reading #	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	líng	lìng
Middle Chinese	‹ ljeng ›	‹ ljengH ›
Old Chinese	/*riŋ/	/*riŋ-s/
English	send (a person)	issue a command
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	令	令	令
Reading #	2/5	3/5	5/5
No.	8277	8284	8332
Phonetic component	令	令	令
Rime group	耕	耕	耕
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	跉	令	零
Old Chinese	/*reŋ/	/*reŋs/	/*reːŋs/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 令

1. to order; to command
2. to make (someone do something); to cause; to allow

   Template:zh-syn

   令人  ―  lìngrén  ―  to make someone (do something); to make people [+ adjective]

3. (historical) governor; magistrate (official title)
4. good; excellent
5. time; season
6. drinking game
7. (respectful) your
8. (poem) Short for 小令 (“ditty”).
9. a surname

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (令):

• → Japanese: 令(りょう) (ryō); 令(れい) (rei)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): líng, lìng (ling², ling⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˊ, ㄌㄧㄥˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ling⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: líng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: líng
    • Wade–Giles: ling²
    • Yale: líng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ling
    • Palladius: лин (lin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lìng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lìng
    • Wade–Giles: ling⁴
    • Yale: lìng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linq
    • Palladius: лин (lin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ling⁴
    • Yale: lìhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ling⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ling⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪŋ²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: leng

Rime
Character	令
Reading #	3/5
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	青 (125)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	郎丁切
Baxter	leng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/leŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/leŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛjŋ/
Li Rong	/leŋ/
Wang Li	/lieŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/lieŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	líng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ling4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤiŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*reːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	令
Reading #	1/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	líng
Middle Chinese	‹ leng ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁiŋ/
English	脊令 tsjek.leng (a kind of water bird)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	令
Reading #	4/5
No.	8306
Phonetic component	令
Rime group	耕
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	靈
Old Chinese	/*reːŋ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 令

1. ^† Used in 令狐 (Línghú).
2. ^† Used in 令利.
3. ^† Used in 令俜.
4. ^† Used in 令星.
5. ^† Used in 脊令.
6. ^† Original form of 瓴 (líng).

Etymology 3

Borrowed from English ream.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): lǐng, lìng (ling³, ling⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˇ, ㄌㄧㄥˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ling¹ / lim¹ / ling⁵

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lǐng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lǐng
    • Wade–Giles: ling³
    • Yale: lǐng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liing
    • Palladius: лин (lin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ²¹⁴/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lìng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lìng
    • Wade–Giles: ling⁴
    • Yale: lìng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linq
    • Palladius: лин (lin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ling¹ / lim¹ / ling⁵
    • Yale: līng / līm / líhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ling¹ / lim¹ / ling⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: ling¹ / lim¹ / ling⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪŋ⁵⁵/, /liːm⁵⁵/, /lɪŋ¹³/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 令

1. Classifier for reams of paper.

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): lián (lian²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˊ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lián
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lián
    • Wade–Giles: lien²
    • Yale: lyán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lian
    • Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ɛn³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: ljen

Rime
Character	令
Reading #	1/5
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力延切
Baxter	ljen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/liᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/liɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/ljæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lian/
Li Rong	/liɛn/
Wang Li	/lĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lin4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ren/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	令
Reading #	1/5
No.	8271
Phonetic component	令
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	連
Old Chinese	/*ren/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 令

1. ^† Only used in 令居 (“ancient county in modern Gansu”).

Etymology 5

For pronunciation and definitions of 令 – see 齡 (“age; length of time; duration; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 齡).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Compounds

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

令

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: りょう (ryō)^{←りやう (ryau, historical)}
• Kan-on: れい (rei, Jōyō)
• Kun: しむ (shimu)
• Nanori: おさ (osa)^{←をさ (wosa, historical)}; なり (nari); のり (nori); はる (haru); よし (yoshi)

Compounds

Compounds

• 令旨(りょうじ) (ryōji)
• 令外(りょうげ) (ryōge)
• 令月(れいげつ) (reigetsu)
• 令(れい)兄(けい) (reikei)
• 令(れい)閨(けい) (reikei)
• 令史(れいし) (reishi)
• 令(れい)室(しつ) (reishitsu)
• 令状(れいじょう) (reijō)
• 令(れい)嬢(じょう) (reijō)
• 令(れい)色(しょく) (reishoku)
• 令(れい)息(そく) (reisoku)
• 令(れい)夫人(ふじん) (reifujin)
• 令(れい)名(めい) (reimei)
• 禁令(きんれい) (kinrei)
• 訓令(くんれい) (kunrei)
• 号令(ごうれい) (gōrei)
• 司令(しれい) (shirei)
• 指令(しれい) (shirei)
• 辞令(じれい) (jirei)
• 条(じょう)令(れい) (jōrei)
• 勅令(ちょくれい) (chokurei)
• 伝令(でんれい) (denrei)
• 発令(はつれい) (hatsurei)
• 布令(ふれい) (furei)
• 法令(ほうれい) (hōrei)
• 命令(めいれい) (meirei)
• 律(りつ)令(りょう) (ritsuryō)
• 御布令(おふれ) (ofure)
• 県(けん)令(れい) (kenrei)
• 令史(さかん) (sakan)
• 仮令(たとい), 縦令(たとい) (tatoi), 仮令(たとえ), 縦令(たとえ) (tatoe)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
令
れい Grade: 4
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).

The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Noun

令(れい) • (rei) 

1. an order, command, decree

   Synonyms: 言い付け (iitsuke), 命令 (meirei)

2. (historical) in ancient China, a regional governor or magistrate
3. (historical) in the early Meiji period, the forerunner of a 知事 (chiji, “prefectural governor”)
4. (historical) in the Kamakura period, the vice-minister of the 政所 (mandokoro, “office of financial affairs”)
5. (historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

   Synonym: 坊令 (bōrei)

6. (rare, law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system

Affix

令(れい) • (rei) 

1. act, law, ordinance, rule
2. law, ordinance, regulation
3. (historical) high-ranking official or magistrate
4. (obsolete) admonition, teaching
5. (rare) excellent, fine, good
6. honorific prefix added before a term of kinship to show respect to someone else's relative

Derived terms

• 令和(れいわ) (Reiwa): the Reiwa era
• 生(しょう)類(るい)憐(あわれ)みの令(れい) (Shōrui Awaremi no Rei)

Proper noun

令(れい) • (Rei) 

1. a female given name

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
令
りょう Grade: 4
goon

/rjau/ → /rjɔː/ → /rjoː/

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).

The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Noun

令(りょう) • (ryō) ^{←りやう (ryau)?}

1. (law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system

Derived terms

• 令(りょうの)義解(ぎげ) (Ryō no Gige)

Affix

令(りょう) • (ryō) ^{←りやう (ryau)?}

1. order, command, decree
2. law, ordinance, rule

Proper noun

令(りょう) • (Ryō) ^{←りやう (ryau)?}

1. a female given name

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Korean

Hanja

令 (eum 령 (ryeong))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

令: Hán Nôm readings: lệnh, lanh, lành, lênh, lình, liệng, lịnh, loanh

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation