要求

Chinese

		important; vital; to want important; vital; to want; to be going to; must; demand; ask; request; coerce	to seek; to look for; to request to seek; to look for; to request; to demand; to beseech
trad. (要求)		要	求
simp. #(要求)		要	求

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yāoqiú

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄠ ㄑㄧㄡˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jiu¹ kau⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): yêu-khiù

  (Hailu, HRS): rhau^ˋ kiu

• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ieo¹ giu²
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): iau-kiû

  (Teochew, Peng'im): iou¹ kiu⁵ / iao¹ kiu⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹iau-jieu

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yāoqiú
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄠ ㄑㄧㄡˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yaocióu
    • Wade–Giles: yao¹-chʻiu²
    • Yale: yāu-chyóu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iauchyou
    • Palladius: яоцю (jaocju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

Note: Note pronunciation of 要.

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: jiu¹ kau⁴
    • Yale: yīu kàuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jiu¹ kau⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: yiu¹ keo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːu̯⁵⁵ kʰɐu̯²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yêu-khiù
    • Hakka Romanization System: ieu^ˊ kiu^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yeu¹ kiu²
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯eu̯²⁴ kʰi̯u¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yêu-khiù
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)ieu^ˊ kiu^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yeu¹ kiu²
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯eu̯²⁴ kʰi̯u¹¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: rhau^ˋ kiu
    • Sinological IPA: /ʒau⁵³ kʰiu⁵⁵/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: ieo¹ giu² [Phonetic: ieo⁵ giu²]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ieu⁵³³⁻¹¹ kiu¹³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: ieo¹ giu² [Phonetic: ieo⁵ giu²]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ieu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kiu²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iau-kiû
    • Tâi-lô: iau-kiû
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iau'kiuu
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /iau⁴⁴⁻²² kiu²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /iau³³ kiu²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /iau⁴⁴⁻²² kiu¹³/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /iau⁴⁴⁻³³ kiu²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /iau⁴⁴⁻³³ kiu²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: iou¹ kiu⁵ / iao¹ kiu⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iou khiû / iau khiû
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iou³³⁻²³ kʰiu⁵⁵/, /iau³³⁻²³ kʰiu⁵⁵/

Note:

• iou1 kiu5 - Chaozhou;
• iao1 kiu5 - Shantou.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹iau-jieu
    • MiniDict: iau^平 jieu
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹iau-jjieu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /iɔ⁵⁵ d͡ʑiɤ²¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: 'jiew gjuw

Rime
Character	要	求
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	宵 (91)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	於霄切	巨鳩切
Baxter	'jiew	gjuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔiᴇu/	/ɡɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔiɛu/	/ɡiu/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔjæu/	/ɡiəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔiaw/	/guw/
Li Rong	/ʔiɛu/	/ɡiu/
Wang Li	/ĭɛu/	/ɡĭəu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ɛu/	/gi̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yāo	qiú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jiu1	kau4

Verb

要求

1. to ask; to request; to require; to demand; to claim

   要求退款  ―  yāoqiú tuìkuǎn  ―  to request a refund

   強烈要求／强烈要求  ―  qiángliè yāoqiú  ―  to demand; to urge

   要求某人做某事 [MSC, trad. and simp.]

   yāoqiú mǒurén zuò mǒushì [Pinyin]

   to ask somebody to do something

   她要求他們為她破個例。 [MSC, trad.]
   她要求他们为她破个例。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tā yāoqiú tāmen wèi tā pò ge lì. [Pinyin]

   She asked them to make an exception for her.

   他的工作要求他全國四處跑。 [MSC, trad.]
   他的工作要求他全国四处跑。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tā de gōngzuò yāoqiú tā quánguó sìchù pǎo. [Pinyin]

   His work required him to move about the country.

   現在有很多師生都聯名寫信要求取消老師的教授資格。 [MSC, trad.]
   现在有很多师生都联名写信要求取消老师的教授资格。 [MSC, simp.]

   Xiànzài yǒu hěn duō shīshēng dōu liánmíng xiěxìn yāoqiú qǔxiāo lǎoshī de jiàoshòu zīgé. [Pinyin]

   Many teachers and students are now jointly writing to demand the cancellation of the teacher’s professor eligibility.

Synonyms

edit

• 乞丐 (qǐgài) (archaic)
• 乞憐 / 乞怜 (qǐlián) (to beg for pity)
• 乞求 (qǐqiú)
• 仰求 (yǎngqiú)
• 哀告 (āigào)
• 哀求 (āiqiú)
• 央告 (yānggào)
• 央求 (yāngqiú)
• 憑 / 凭 (píng) (literary)
• 懇求 / 恳求 (kěnqiú)
• 懇請 / 恳请 (kěnqǐng)
• 求 (qiú)
• 沽情 (Hokkien)
• 煩請 / 烦请 (fánqǐng) (honorific, polite)
• 祈求 (qíqiú) (to pray for)
• 祈祝 (qízhù) (literary)
• 祝禱 / 祝祷 (zhùdǎo) (literary)
• 請 / 请
• 請求 / 请求 (qǐngqiú)

Noun

要求

1. request; requirement; demand; claim (Classifier: 點／点)

   提要求  ―  tí yāoqiú  ―  to make a request

   著裝要求／着装要求  ―  zhuózhuāng yāoqiú  ―  dress code

   領土要求／领土要求  ―  lǐngtǔ yāoqiú  ―  territorial claim

   申請要求／申请要求  ―  shēnqǐng yāoqiú  ―  application requirements

   披露要求  ―  pīlù yāoqiú  ―  disclosure requirements

   分區要求／分区要求  ―  fēnqū yāoqiú  ―  zoning requirements

   擇偶要求／择偶要求  ―  zé'ǒu yāoqiú  ―  one's requirements for a future spouse

Synonyms

edit

• 先決條件 / 先决条件 (xiānjué tiáojiàn)
• 前提 (qiántí)
• 條件 / 条件 (tiáojiàn)
• 訴求 / 诉求 (sùqiú)
• 請求 / 请求 (qǐngqiú)
• 需求 (xūqiú)
• 需要 (xūyào)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (要求):

• → Japanese: 要求(ようきゅう) (yōkyū)
• → Korean: 요구(要求) (yogu)
• → Vietnamese: yêu cầu (要求)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
要	求
よう Grade: 4	きゅう Grade: 4
on'yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 要求 (MC 'jiew gjuw).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) よーきゅう [yòókyúú] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [jo̞ːkʲɨː]

Noun

要(よう)求(きゅう) • (yōkyū) 

1. demand; firm request; requirement

   要求(ようきゅう)を無視(むし)した。

   Yōkyū o mushi shita.

   They did not listen to our demands.

Verb

要(よう)求(きゅう)する • (yōkyū suru) transitive suru (stem 要(よう)求(きゅう)し (yōkyū shi), past 要(よう)求(きゅう)した (yōkyū shita))

1. to demand

Conjugation

Conjugation of "要求する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	要求し	ようきゅうし	yōkyū shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	要求し	ようきゅうし	yōkyū shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	要求する	ようきゅうする	yōkyū suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	要求する	ようきゅうする	yōkyū suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	要求すれ	ようきゅうすれ	yōkyū sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	要求せよ¹ 要求しろ²	ようきゅうせよ¹ ようきゅうしろ²	yōkyū seyo¹ yōkyū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	要求される	ようきゅうされる	yōkyū sareru
Causative	要求させる 要求さす	ようきゅうさせる ようきゅうさす	yōkyū saseru yōkyū sasu
Potential	要求できる	ようきゅうできる	yōkyū dekiru
Volitional	要求しよう	ようきゅうしよう	yōkyū shiyō
Negative	要求しない	ようきゅうしない	yōkyū shinai
Negative continuative	要求せず	ようきゅうせず	yōkyū sezu
Formal	要求します	ようきゅうします	yōkyū shimasu
Perfective	要求した	ようきゅうした	yōkyū shita
Conjunctive	要求して	ようきゅうして	yōkyū shite
Hypothetical conditional	要求すれば	ようきゅうすれば	yōkyū sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

• “要求”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
要	求

Noun

要求 • (yogu) (hangeul 요구)

1. hanja form^? of 요구 (“demand; claim”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
要	求

Verb

要求

1. chữ Hán form of yêu cầu (“(formal) to demand”)

Noun

要求

1. chữ Hán form of yêu cầu (“demand; request”)