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=====Conjugation=====
=====Conjugation=====
{{ja-conj-bungo|f1=ず;ざら;な?Nara period form.|f2=ず?Without auxiliary verbs.;ざり?With auxiliary verbs.;に?Nara period form.|f3=ず;[[ざり]]|f4=ぬ;ざる|f5=ね;ざれ|f6=ざれ|f7=-|f8=ねど;ざれど|f9=ねば;ざれば|f10=ずは;ずば;ざらば|f11=ざりき|f12=ざりけり|f13=ざりつ|f14=ざりぬ?Unattested.|f15=ざりたり|f16=ず}}
{{ja-conj-bungo|f1=ず;ざら;な?Nara period form.|f2=ず?Without auxiliary verbs.;ざり?With auxiliary verbs.;に?Nara period form.|f3=ず;[[ざり]]|f4=[[ぬ]];ざる|f5=ね;ざれ|f6=[[そ]];ざれ|f7=す?Terminal of [[す]];ざらず|f8=ねど;ざれど|f9=ねば;ざれば|f10=ずは;ずば;ざらば|f11=ざりき|f12=ざりけり|f13=ざりつ|f14=ざりぬ?Unattested.|f15=ざりたり|f16=ず}}


=====Usage notes=====
=====Usage notes=====

Revision as of 23:13, 21 November 2022

See also: す

ず U+305A, ず
HIRAGANA LETTER ZU
Composition:す [U+3059] + ◌゙ [U+3099]
← す
[U+3059] 		Hiragana せ →
[U+305B]

Japanese

Stroke order
4 strokes

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [d͡zɨᵝ], [zɨᵝ]

Etymology 1

The hiragana character す (su) with a dakuten (゛).

Syllable

ず (romaji zu)

  1. The hiragana syllable ず (zu). Its equivalent in katakana is ズ (zu).
See also
The Hiragana script
あぁ かゕがか゚ さざ ただ な はばぱ ま やゃ らら゚ わゎわ゙ ん
いぃ きぎき゚ しじ ちぢ に ひびぴ み 𛀆 りり゚ ゐ𛅐ゐ゙
うぅゔ くぐく゚ すず つっづ ぬ ふぶぷ む ゆゅ るる゚ 𛄟
えぇ けゖげけ゚ せぜ てで ね へべぺ め 𛀁 れれ゚ ゑ𛅑ゑ゙
おぉ こごこ゚ そぞ とど の ほぼぽ も よょ ろろ゚ を𛅒を゙
Additional symbols

Etymology 2

From Old Japanese. Generally considered to be a combination of negation suffix ぬ (nu) in its 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of に (ni) + honorific suffix す (su).[1][2][3]

/nisu/ → */nzu/ → /zu/

Appears both as zu and as the older nisu form in the Man'yōshū poetry anthology.

Suffix

ず • (-zu) 

  1. not
    何(なに)も知(し)らず
    nani mo shirazu
    not knowing anything
Derived terms
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "ず" (irregular)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) ず
ざら
な[1]		 zu
zara
na
Continuative (連用形) ず[2]
ざり[3]
に[1]		 zu
zari
ni
Terminal (終止形) ず
ざり		 zu
zari
Attributive (連体形) ぬ
ざる		 nu
zaru
Realis (已然形) ね
ざれ		 ne
zare
Imperative (命令形) そ
ざれ		 so
zare
Key constructions
Negative す[4]
ざらず		 su
zarazu
Contrasting conjunction ねど
ざれど		 nedo
zaredo
Causal conjunction ねば
ざれば		 neba
zareba
Conditional conjunction ずは
ずば
ざらば		 zufa
zuba
zaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) ざりき zariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) ざりけり zarikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) ざりつ zaritu
Perfect tense (natural event) ざりぬ[5] zarinu
Perfect-continuative tense ざりたり zaritari
Adverbial ず zu
[1]Nara period form.
[2]Without auxiliary verbs.
[3]With auxiliary verbs.
[4]Terminal of す
[5]Unattested.
Usage notes

Much as the older negation suffix ぬ (nu) and the modern negation suffix ない (nai), ず (zu) must come after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of a verb.

The suffix ず (zu) is more formal than the everyday negation suffix ない (nai).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of ず – see the following entries.
【図】2
[noun] diagram, figure, illustration
【徒】4
[noun] (historical) one of the punishments in the ancient Ritsuryō system; penal servitude
【頭】2
[noun] head
【出】1
[verb] (obsolete) to go or come out
[verb] (obsolete) to appear
(This term, ず, is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.)
For a list of all kanji read as ず, see Category:Japanese kanji read as ず.)

References

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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