于

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See also: 千, 干, 子, 𠂌, チ, 扵, 於, and モ
于 U+4E8E, 于
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8E
← 亍
[U+4E8D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 亏 →
[U+4E8F]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

于 (Kangxi radical 7, 二+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一木 (MD), four-corner 10400, composition ⿱一𬺰 or ⿻二亅 or ⿻丁一)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 86, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 252
  • Dae Jaweon: page 177, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 4, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4E8E

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 于
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j11694

j11695

j11696

j11697

j11698

j11699

j11700

j11701

j11702

j11703

j11704

j11705

j11706

j11707

j11708

j11709

j11710

j11711

j11712

j11713

j11714

j11715

j11716

j11717

j11718

j11719

j11720

j11721

j11722

j11723

j11724

j11725

j11726

j11727

j11728

j11729

j11730

j11731

j11732

j11733

j11734

j11735

j11736

j11737

j11738

j11739

j11740

j11741

j11742

j11743

j11744

j11745

j11746

j11747

j11748

j11749

j11750

j11751

j11752

j11753

j11754

j11755

j11756

j11757

j11758

j11759

j11760

j11761

j11762

j11763

j11764

j11765

j11766

j11767

j11768

j11769

j11770

j11771

j11772

j11773

j11774

j11775

j11776

j11777

j11778

j11779

j11780

j11781

j11782

j11783

j11784

j11785

j11786

j11787

j11788

j11789

j11790

j11791

j11792

j11793

j11794

j11795

j11796

j11797

j11798

j11799

j11800

j11801

j11802

j11803

j11804

j11805

j11806

j11807

j11808

j11809

j11810

j11811

j11812

j11813

j11814

j11815

j11816

j11817

j11818

j11819

j11820

j11821

j11822

j11823

j11824

j11825

j11826

j11827

j11828

j11829

j11830

j11831

j11832

j11833

j11834

j11835

j11836

j11837

j11838

j11839

j11840

j11841

j11842

j11843

j11844

j11845

j11846

j11847

j11848

j11849

j11850

j11851

j11852

j11853

j11854

j11855

j11856

j11857

j11858

j11859

j11860

j11861

j11862

j11863

j11864

j11865

j11866

j11867

j11868

j11869

j11870

j11871

j11872

j11873

j11874

j11875

j11876

j11877

j11878

j11879

j11880

j11881

j11882

j11883

j11884

j11885

j11886

j11887

j11888

j11889

j11890

j11891

Bronze inscriptions

b07161

b07162

b07163

b07164

b07165

b07166

b07167

b07168

b07169

b07170

b07171

b07172

b07173

b07174

b07175

b07176

b07177

b07178

b07179

b07180

b07181

b07182

b07183

b07184

b07185

b07186

b07187

b07188

b07189

b07190

b07191

b07192

b07193

b07194

b07195

b07196

b07197

b07198

b07199

b07200

b07201

b07202

b07203

b07204

b07205

b07206

b07207

b07208

b07209

b07210

b07211

b07212

b07214

b07215

File:ACC-b07216.svg

b07216

b07217

b07218

b07219

b07220

File:ACC-b07221.svg

b07221

b07222

b07223

b07224

File:ACC-b07225.svg

b07225

b07226

b07227

b07228

b07229

b07230

b07231

File:ACC-b07232.svg

b07232

b07233

b07234

b07235

b07236

b07237

b07238

b07239

b07240

b07241

b07242

Small seal script

s03515

Transcribed ancient scripts

L30498

L30499

L30500

L30501

L30502

L02603

L02604

L02605

L02606

L02607

L02608

L02609

L02610

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (于) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
侉 *qaːls
夸 *kʰʷraː
姱 *kʰʷraː
胯 *kʰʷraː, *kʰʷraːs, *kʰʷaːs
跨 *kʰʷraː, *kʰʷraːʔ, *kʰʷraːs, *kʰʷaːs
誇 *kʰʷraː
垮 *kʰʷraːʔ
銙 *kʰʷraːʔ
骻 *kʰʷraːʔ
咵 *kʰʷraːʔ
釫 *ɢʷraː, *qʷaː
摦 *ɡʷraːs
鮬 *pɢʷaː, *kʰʷaː
嶀 *qʰʷl'aː
扝 *kʰʷaː, *qʷaː
刳 *kʰʷaː
郀 *kʰʷaː
挎 *kʰʷaː
袴 *kʰʷaːs
絝 *kʰʷaːs
褲 *kʰʷaːs
恗 *qʰaː
洿 *ɡʷaːʔ, *qʷaː
瓠 *ɡʷlaː, *ɡʷlaːs
鄠 *ɢʷlaːʔ
污 *qʷaː, *qʷaːs
杇 *qʷaː
圬 *qʷaː
鴮 *qʷaː
盓 *qʷaː
汙 *qʷaːs, *ɢʷa
樗 *qʰʷl'a
摴 *qʰʷl'a
荂 *pqʰʷa, *qʰʷa
雩 *qʰʷla, *ɢʷla
吁 *qʰʷa, *ɢʷas
盱 *qʰʷa
訏 *qʰʷa
扜 *qʰʷa, *qʷa
旴 *qʰʷa
冔 *qʰʷaʔ
紆 *qʷa
陓 *qʷa
迂 *qʷa, *qʷaʔ, *ɢʷa
虶 *qʷa
于 *ɢʷa
盂 *ɢʷa
竽 *ɢʷa
邘 *ɢʷa
玗 *ɢʷa
芋 *ɢʷa, *ɢʷas
杅 *ɢʷa
釪 *ɢʷa
骬 *ɢʷa
謣 *ɢʷla
宇 *ɢʷaʔ

Pictogram (象形) . Two possibilities for the object of representation are:

  • An ancient wind instrument; early form of 竽 (OC *ɢʷa). This view is supported by mainstream palaeography.
  • Exhaled air; early form of 吁 (OC *qʰʷa, *ɢʷas, “to sigh”). Shuowen considers it to be an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 一 (“flat stream of air”) + 丂 (“to exhale”). Compare 乎, 兮, 号.

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-wa-ŋ (“to go; to come”). Related to 往 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, “to go to, to, towards”). Merged with 於 (OC *qaː, *qa) by the classical times. It is now used as the simplified form in Mainland China.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: jyu4 - dated.
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 于
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yú
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hju ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷ(r)a/
English go; at

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 于
Reading # 1/1
No. 15706
Phonetic
component 		于
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		于
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷa/
Notes 王筠雲籲初文
For pronunciation and definitions of 于 – see 於 (“in; at; on; with; on; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 於).
Notes:

Etymology 2[edit]

simp. and trad.
 于
alternative forms 丂 ancient
亏 ancient
亐 ancient

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: jyu4 - dated.
Rime
Character 于
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 云 (35)
Final (韻) 虞 (24)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 羽俱切
Baxter hju
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦɨo/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦio/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣio/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦuə̆/
Li
Rong 		/ɣio/
Wang
Li 		/ɣĭu/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/i̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jyu4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 于 于
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yú yú
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hju › ‹ hju ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷ(r)a/ /*ɦʷa/ (< *ɢʷ(r)a)
English go; at 單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 于
Reading # 1/1
No. 15706
Phonetic
component 		于
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		于
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷa/
Notes 王筠雲籲初文

Definitions[edit]

于

  1. a surname
    于禁  ―  Yú Jìn  ―  Yu Jin (Chinese military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty)
  2. Used in several names and proper nouns.
    單于／单于  ―  chányú  ―  chief of the Xiongnu; a Chinese surname
    淳于  ―  Chúnyú  ―  a Chinese surname

Usage notes[edit]

The surname 于 is to be distinguished from another surname 於. The latter is never simplified if the character is used for surname.

Etymology 3[edit]

simp. and trad.
 于

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

于

  1. † Alternative form of 迂 (yū, “large; vast; wide”)

Etymology 4[edit]

simp. and trad.
 于

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

于

  1. † Alternative form of 吁 (interjection).Only used in 于嗟 (xūjiē) and 于咨.

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

于

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

于 (eum 우 (u))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

于: Hán Nôm readings: vu, vo, vò

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References[edit]

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