況

See also: 况

況 U+6CC1, 況 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6CC1 ← 泀 [U+6CC0] CJK Unified Ideographs 泂 → [U+6CC2]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

況 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 水口竹山 (ERHU), four-corner 3611₀, composition ⿰氵兄)

Derived characters

• 𮭃

Descendants

• 况

References

• KangXi: page 615, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17264
• Dae Jaweon: page 1009, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1586, character 2
• Unihan data for U+6CC1

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Chinese

trad.		況
simp.		况

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 況
Shang	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (兄) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
怳	*hmaŋʔ
況	*hmaŋs
貺	*hmaŋs
况	*hmaŋs
兄	*hmraŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *hmaŋs): semantic 氵 (“river”) + phonetic 兄 (OC *hmraŋ).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): kuàng (kuang⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄤˋ

  (Chengdu, SP): kuang⁴

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou, Jyutping): fong³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): fong²

• Gan (Wiktionary): kuong³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khóng

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kong³

• Jin (Wiktionary): kuon³
• Min Bei (KCR): kua̿ng
• Min Dong (BUC): kuóng / huóng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): hóng / hòng / khòng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kuang³

• Wu (Wiktionary): huaan (T2); khuaan (T2)
• Xiang (Wiktionary): kuan⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kuàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄤˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kuàng
    • Wade–Giles: kʻuang⁴
    • Yale: kwàng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuanq
    • Palladius: куан (kuan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰwɑŋ⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: kuang⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kuong
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuaŋ²¹³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: fong³
    • Yale: fong
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fong³
    • Guangdong Romanization: fong³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔːŋ³³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: fong²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔŋ⁵⁵/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: kuong³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuɔŋ²¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khóng
    • Hakka Romanization System: kong`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kong³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰoŋ³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kong³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰɔŋ³¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: kuon³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰxuɒ̃⁴⁵/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kua̿ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuaŋ³³/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kuóng / huóng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuɔŋ²¹³/, /huɔŋ²¹³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hóng
    • Tâi-lô: hóng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: horng
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /hɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòng
    • Tâi-lô: hòng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoxng
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ¹¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khòng
    • Tâi-lô: khòng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qoxng
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kuang³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khuàng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuaŋ²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: huaan (T2); khuaan (T2)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɯɑ̃³⁴/, /kʰɯɑ̃³⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: kuan⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuan⁴⁵/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 況
Mandarin	Beijing	/kʰuɑŋ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/kʰuaŋ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/kʰuɑŋ⁵³/
	Jinan	/kʰuaŋ²¹/
	Qingdao	/kʰuaŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/kʰuaŋ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/kʰuaŋ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/kʰuɔ̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/kʰuɑŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/kʰuɑ̃¹³/
	Ürümqi	/kʰuɑŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/kʰuaŋ³⁵/
	Chengdu	/kʰuaŋ¹³/
	Guiyang	/kʰuaŋ²¹³/
	Kunming	/kʰuã̠²¹²/
	Nanjing	/kʰuaŋ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/kʰuɑ̃⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kʰuɒ̃⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/kʰuɑŋ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/kʰuɑ̃⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/kuɑ̃³⁵/ /huɑ̃³⁵/
	Suzhou	/huɑ̃⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/kʰuɑŋ⁵³/ /huɑŋ⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/ɕyɔ⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰo³²⁴/
	Tunxi	/xau²⁴/ /kʰau²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/kʰuan⁵⁵/
	Xiangtan	/kʰɔn⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/kʰuɔŋ²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰoŋ³¹/
	Taoyuan	/kʰoŋ³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/fɔŋ³³/
	Nanning	/kʰɔŋ³³/
	Hong Kong	/fɔŋ³³/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/hɔŋ⁵³/ /kʰɔŋ⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/huɔŋ²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/kʰuaŋ³³/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/kʰuaŋ²¹³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/xuaŋ³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: /hʉɐŋ^H/

Rime
Character	況
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	陽 (106)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	許訪切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hʉɐŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/hʷiɐŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/xiuɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/huaŋH/
Li Rong	/xiuaŋH/
Wang Li	/xĭwaŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/xiwaŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fong3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[m̥]aŋ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*hmaŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	況	況
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kuàng	kuàng
Middle Chinese	‹ xjwangH ›	‹ xjwangH ›
Old Chinese	/*[m̥]aŋ-s/	/*[m̥]aŋ-s/
English	compare with, be equal to	how much the more
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	況
Reading #	1/1
No.	13902
Phonetic component	兄
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	況
Old Chinese	/*hmaŋs/

Definitions

況

1. condition; situation
2. (archaic) much less; let alone

   • 臣之罪甚多矣。臣猶知之，而況君乎？請由此亡。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     臣之罪甚多矣。臣犹知之，而况君乎？请由此亡。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Chén zhī zuì shènduō yǐ. Chén yóu zhī zhī, ér kuàng jūn hū? Qǐng yóucǐ wáng. [Pinyin]

     My wrongdoings have been excessive. Even I myself understand this, let alone you, my liege? May you banish me henceforth.

   • 吾未聞枉己而正人者也，況辱己以正天下者乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     吾未闻枉己而正人者也，况辱己以正天下者乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Wú wèi wén wǎngjǐ ér zhèngrén zhě yě, kuàng rǔjǐ yǐ zhèng tiānxià zhě hū? [Pinyin]

     I have not heard of one who bent himself, and at the same time made others straight; how much less could one disgrace himself, and thereby rectify the whole kingdom?

3. furthermore
4. to compare; to draw an analogy with

Compounds

• 何況／何况 (hékuàng)
• 出狀況／出状况
• 勢況／势况
• 境況／境况 (jìngkuàng)
• 實況／实况 (shíkuàng)
• 實況轉播／实况转播
• 實況錄影／实况录影
• 市況／市况 (shìkuàng)
• 情況／情况 (qíngkuàng)
• 情況證據／情况证据
• 戰況／战况 (zhànkuàng)

• 景況／景况 (jǐngkuàng)
• 概況／概况 (gàikuàng)
• 每下愈況／每下愈况 (měixiàyùkuàng)
• 每況愈下／每况愈下 (měikuàngyùxià)
• 比況／比况
• 況且／况且 (kuàngqiě)
• 況乃／况乃
• 況乎／况乎 (kuànghū)
• 況味／况味 (kuàngwèi)
• 況迺／况迺
• 狀況／状况 (zhuàngkuàng)

• 現況／现况 (xiànkuàng)
• 病況／病况 (bìngkuàng)
• 盛況／盛况 (shèngkuàng)
• 盛況空前／盛况空前
• 空前盛況／空前盛况
• 窘況／窘况 (jiǒngkuàng)
• 而況／而况 (érkuàng)
• 自況／自况
• 路況／路况 (lùkuàng)
• 近況／近况 (jìnkuàng)

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Japanese

Kanji

況

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. furthermore
2. situation

Readings

• Go-on: こう (kō)^{←くわう (kwau, historical)}
• Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)^{←きやう (kyau, historical)←くゐやう (kwyau, ancient)}
• Kun: まして (mashite, 況して); いわんや (iwan'ya, 況んや)^{←いはんや (ifan'ya, historical)}; おもむき (omomuki, 況)

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Korean

Hanja

況 • (hwang) (hangeul 황, revised hwang, McCune–Reischauer hwang, Yale hwang)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

況: Hán Nôm readings: huống

1. chữ Hán form of huống (“situation; furthermore”).