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See also: 马

Translingual

Stroke order

Etymology

Pictogram (象形) ; derived from the pictogram of a horse with its head turned to look back and showing a flowing mane in the wind. The four short strokes at its base (灬) represent its feet, and the sweeping hook stroke in the lower right represents its tail.

Compare also (deprecated template usage) 鳥, whose current form is similar (graphically, 灬 for claws/legs).

Contrast with (deprecated template usage) 鹿, which saw a very different development, and (deprecated template usage) 𢊁 (as in 薦), which is a hybrid: it has the the legs of 馬 (灬) but the head of 鹿.

Historical forms of the character 馬
Shang		Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)			Liushutong (compiled in Ming)	Libian (compiled in Qing)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Shizhoupian script	Ancient script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts	Clerical script

Characters in the same phonetic series (馬) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
馬	*mraːʔ
碼	*mraːʔ
罵	mraːʔ, mraːs
鷌	*mraːʔ
鰢	*mraːʔ
瑪	*mraːʔ
榪	*mraːs
傌	*mraːs
禡	*mraːs
媽	*maːʔ


Clerical script	Semi-cursive script	Cursive script

Han character

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KangXi radical 187 馬

Derived terms

媽, 嗎, 闖, 罵, 螞, 碼, 瑪, 榪, 獁, 傌, 溤, 鐸, 遤, 鎷, 禡, 䣕, 㾺, 褭
Index:Chinese radical/馬

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1433, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44572
Dae Jaweon: page 1956, character 34
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4539, character 1
Unihan data for U+99AC

Chinese

trad.		馬
simp.		马

Pronunciation

Lua error in Module:wuu-pron at line 166: Incorrect tone notation "3" for sh. See WT:AZH/Wu.

Noun

(deprecated template usage) 馬

(deprecated template usage) (Beginning Mandarin) horse

Proper Noun

(deprecated template usage) 馬

a surname
Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "馬祖／马祖 (Mǎzǔ)" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E.
Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "馬來西亞／马来西亚 (Mǎláixīyà)" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E.

Adjective

(deprecated template usage) 馬

big
馬勺／马勺 ― mǎsháo ― ladle (big spoon)

Compounds

Template:der5

References

Template:cite web

(deprecated template usage)

Japanese

Kanji

Stroke order (Japan)

馬

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

horse

Readings

Go-on: め (me)
Kan-on: ば (ba)
Kan’yō-on: ま (ma)
Kun: うま (uma)

Compounds

牛馬 (うしうま, ushi uma): oxen and horses
牛馬 (ぎゅうば, gyūba): livestock, beast of burden
河馬 (かば, kaba): hippopotamus, a hippo
馬酔木 (あしび, ashibi; あせび, asebi)
馬面 (うまづら, umazura): a horseface, a very long face; horse-faced, very long-faced
馬鹿 (ばか, baka): a fool, an idiot; foolish, idiotic, stupid
馬鹿力 (ばかぢから, bakajikara): incredible strength; incredibly strong
馬脚 (ばきゃく, bakyaku)
馬具 (ばぐ, bagu): horse harness, horse tack
馬券 (ばけん, baken)
馬耳東風 (ばじとうふう, baji tōfū)
馬車 (ばしゃ, basha): horse-drawn carriage, wagon or cart
馬糧 (ばりょう, baryō): horse feed

Template:der-mid

馬車馬
馬術 (ばじゅつ, bajutsu): equestrianism, equestrian skills, horsemanship
馬上 (ばじょう, bajō): on horseback
馬力 (ばりき, bariki): horsepower
馬鈴薯 (ばれいしょ, bareisho): a potato (Solanum tuberosum)
馬簾 (ばれん, baren)
子馬 (こうま, kouma): a baby horse, a foal
馬子 (まご, mago): packhorse driver
馬手 (ばしゅ, bashu; めて, mete)
木馬 (もくば, mokuba): a wooden horse
競馬 (けいば, keiba): a horse race
弓馬 (きゅうば, kyūba): archery and horsemanship

Etymology 1

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

馬

Wikipedia ^ja

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Horse

Wikipedia

Kanji in this term
馬
うま Grade: 2
kun'yomi

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese.^[1] Recorded in the Nihon Shoki as having been brought over from the Korean peninsula kingdom of Baekje, with the earlier reading of ma. The initial m sound was apparently emphasized,^[1]^[2] possibly similar to *mma, becoming then uma or muma, via processes also seen in the word 梅 (ume, mume, “plum”).

The ma sound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, suggesting a possible cognate root. Compare (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”), (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Mongol морь (morj, “horse”), (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Korean 말 (mal, “horse”), (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Mandarin 馬／马 (mă, “horse”), and Proto-Indo-European *mark(')- (“horse”) and descendants such as (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Irish marc (“horse”, archaic) or (deprecated template usage) [etyl] English mare (“female horse”). More at *mark(')-.

Pronunciation

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Noun

馬(うま) • (uma) (counter 匹)

a horse
(deprecated template usage) (shogi) a promoted bishop
a sawhorse: a four-leg stand made of wood or iron for supporting other materials

Etymology 2

Shift from uma form, becoming more common starting from the Heian Period. This change later reverted, and muma is now considered obsolete.

Pronunciation

Lua error in Module:parameters at line 828: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.

Noun

馬(むま) • (muma)

(obsolete) a horse
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4372:
  
  阿志加良能美佐可多麻波理可閇理美須阿例波久江由久阿良志乎母多志夜波婆可流不破乃世伎久江弖和波由久牟麻能都米都久志能佐伎尓知麻利為弖阿例波伊波々牟母呂々々波佐祁久等麻乎須可閇利久麻弖尓
- c. 935 Tosa Nikki
  ふぢはらのときざね、ふなぢなれど、むまのはなむけす。
- c. 935 Tosa Nikki
  けふはあをむまをおもへど、かひなし。

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

馬 • (ma)

Eumhun:
- Sound (hangeul): 마 (McCune–Reischauer: ma, Yale: ma)
- Name (hangeul): 말, 성Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Please migrate to the syntax described at Template:ko-hanja/new
  (revised: mal, seong, McCune–Reischauer: mal, sŏng, Yale: mal, seng)

(deprecated template usage) (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

馬車 (마차, macha): horse-drawn carriage
競馬 (경마, gyeongma): horserace

Vietnamese

Character

Template:rfc-header

Readings

馬: Hán Việt readings: mã
馬: Nôm readings: ngựa, mứa, mã, mựa, mả, mở, nhật, nguyễn, hoàn

Compounds

兵馬 (binh mã)

Etymology 1

Noun

馬 • (ngựa)

horse

Etymology 2

Noun

馬 • (mứa)

excess

Etymology 3

Noun

馬 • (mựa)

(deprecated template usage) (dialectal) don't

Etymology 4

Noun

馬 • (mả)

tomb, grave
- 1916: Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Lục Vân Tiên, lines 921–922
  小(tiểu)童(đồng)庄(chẳng)及(kịp)哙(hỏi)㗍(han)/𦣰(nằm)陵(lăn)边(bên)馬(mả)哭(khóc)嘆(than)徘(bồi)徊(hồi)
  Before the page has a chance to pay a visit, / He throws himself down upon the grave, crying, lamenting, fretting.

Etymology 5

Verb

馬 • (mở)

to open

References

Jean-Louis Taberd (1838), Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum, p. 709.
Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)

[KDJ-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 169: / Line 169: @@
 {{der-bottom}}
+===Etymology 1===
+<div style="float:right;">
 {{wikipedia|lang=ja}}
 {{wikipedia|Horse}}
-[[File:Nokota Horses cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|{{lang|ja|馬}}]]
+[[File:Nokota Horses cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|{{lang|ja|馬}} (''uma'', ''muma''): a pair of '''[[horse]]s'''.]]
+</div>
-===Etymology 1===
 {{ja-kanjitab|うま|yomi=k}}
-From {{etyl|ojp|ja|sort=うま}}.  Recorded in the [[w:Nihon Shoki|Nihon Shoki]] as having been brought over from the Korean peninsula kingdom of [[w:Baekje|Baekje]], with the earlier reading of ''ma''.  The initial ''m'' sound was apparently emphasized, possibly similar to ''*mma'', becoming then ''uma'' or ''muma'', via processes also seen in the word {{term|lang=ja|梅|tr=ume, mume||plum}}.
+From {{etyl|ojp|ja|sort=うま}}.<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref>  Recorded in the [[w:Nihon Shoki|Nihon Shoki]] as having been brought over from the Korean peninsula kingdom of [[w:Baekje|Baekje]], with the earlier reading of ''ma''.  The initial ''m'' sound was apparently emphasized,<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> possibly similar to ''*mma'', becoming then ''uma'' or ''muma'', via processes also seen in the word {{m|ja|梅|tr=ume, mume||plum}}.
-The ''ma'' sound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, suggesting a possible cognate root.  Compare {{etyl|mnc|-}} {{term|lang=mnc|ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ|tr=morin||horse}}, {{etyl|mgt|-}} {{term|lang=mgt|морь|tr=morj||horse}}, {{etyl|ko|-}} {{term|lang=ko|말||horse}}, {{etyl|cmn|-}} {{term|lang=cmn|馬|tr=mă||horse}}, and Proto-Indo-European {{m|ine-pro|*mark(')-||horse}} and descendants such as {{etyl|ga|-}} {{term|lang=ga|marc||horse|pos=archaic}} or {{etyl|en|-}} {{term|lang=en|mare||female horse}}.  More at {{m|ine-pro|*mark(')-}}.
+The ''ma'' sound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, suggesting a possible cognate root.  Compare {{etyl|mnc|-}} {{m|mnc|ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ|tr=morin||horse}}, {{etyl|mgt|-}} {{m|mgt|морь|tr=morj||horse}}, {{etyl|ko|-}} {{m|ko|말||horse}}, {{etyl|cmn|-}} {{m|cmn|馬|tr=mă||horse}}, and Proto-Indo-European {{m|ine-pro|*mark(')-||horse}} and descendants such as {{etyl|ga|-}} {{m|ga|marc||horse|pos=archaic}} or {{etyl|en|-}} {{m|en|mare||female horse}}.  More at {{m|ine-pro|*mark(')-}}.
 ====Pronunciation====
-{{ja-pron|うま|acc=o|acc_ref=NHK|y=k}}
+{{ja-pron|yomi=k|うま|acc=2|acc_ref=NHK,DJR}}
 ====Noun====
@@ Line 193: / Line 194: @@
 ====Pronunciation====
-* {{l|ja|sc=Latn|訓読み|Kun'yomi}}
+{{ja-pron|yomi=k|むま}}
-* {{IPA|lang=ja|[mɯᵝꜛma̠]}}
 ====Noun====
@@ Line 208: / Line 208: @@
 ===References===
-* {{reference-book
-  | last = Suzuki
-  | first = Tomotarō
-  | coauthors = Hisao Kaaguchi, Yoshimoto Endō, Kyōichi Nishishita
-  | title = Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 20: [[w:Tosa Nikki|Tosa Nikki]], [[w:Kagerō Nikki|Kagerō Nikki]], [[w:Izumi Shikibu Nikki|Izumi Shikibu Nikki]], [[w:Sarashina Nikki|Sarashina Nikki]]
-  | publisher = [[w:Iwanami Shoten Publishing|Iwanami Shoten]]
-  | year = 1957
-  | location = [[w:Tōkyō|Tōkyō]]
-  | language = Japanese
-  | id = ISBN 4-00-060020-6
-  }}
-* {{R:Man'yōshū 4}}
 <references/>
 [[Category:1000 Japanese basic words|うま]]
 [[Category:ja:Horses|うま]]
 ----

馬: difference between revisions

Revision as of 21:59, 1 July 2015

Translingual

Etymology

Han character

Derived terms

References

Chinese

Pronunciation

Noun

Proper Noun

Adjective

Compounds

References

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Korean

Hanja

Compounds

See also

Vietnamese

Character

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Noun

Etymology 2

Noun

Etymology 3

Noun

Etymology 4

Noun

Etymology 5

Verb

References

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