Appendix:Arabic verbs: difference between revisions

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In pre-classical language the formant of V and VI can be {{m|ar|تْـ}} instead of {{m|ar|تَـ}} and assimilates to alveolars (sun letters). | Templatize Haywood-Nahman reference. The Wright-reference from 2009 is not resolved but removed for being to inexact, such references are defacing.
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Perfective {{m|ar||تَفَعَّلَ}}, imperfective {{m|ar||يَتَفَعَّلُ}}, verbal noun {{m|ar||تَفَعُّل}}, active participle {{m|ar||مُتَفَعِّل}}, passive participle {{m|ar||مُتَفَعَّل}}, imperative (2nd person, m, sg) {{m|ar||تَفَعَّلْ}}
Perfective {{m|ar||تَفَعَّلَ}}, imperfective {{m|ar||يَتَفَعَّلُ}}, verbal noun {{m|ar||تَفَعُّل}}, active participle {{m|ar||مُتَفَعِّل}}, passive participle {{m|ar||مُتَفَعَّل}}, imperative (2nd person, m, sg) {{m|ar||تَفَعَّلْ}}


This stem is formed by prefixing {{m|ar|تَـ}} to form II. The meaning this form imparts is the [[reflexive]] or [[passive]] of form II. Out of the [[reflexive]] also arises the [[effective]]. This differs from the [[passive]] in that the latter indicates that the person is the object of, or experiences the effect of, the action of a another; whereas the [[effective]] implies that an act is done to a person, or a state produced in him, whether it is caused by another or himself. <ref>(Wright, 1967)</ref>
This stem is formed by prefixing {{m|ar|تَـ}} to form II. The meaning this form imparts is the [[reflexive]] or [[passive]] of form II. Out of the [[reflexive]] also arises the [[effective]]. This differs from the [[passive]] in that the latter indicates that the person is the object of, or experiences the effect of, the action of a another; whereas the [[effective]] implies that an act is done to a person, or a state produced in him, whether it is caused by another or himself.


* {{l|ar|تَفَرَّقَ|t=to [[scatter]]|pos=intransitive}}
* {{l|ar|تَفَرَّقَ|t=to [[scatter]]|pos=intransitive}}
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: {{also|:Category:Arabic form-V verbs}}
: {{also|:Category:Arabic form-V verbs}}

In pre-classical language the formant can be {{m|ar|تْـ}} instead of {{m|ar|تَـ}} and assimilates then to alveolars (sun letters). Example: {{m|ar|اِصَّدَعَ}} instead of {{m|ar|تَصَدَّعَ}}, present {{m|ar|يَصَّدَّعُ}} instead of {{m|ar|يَتَصَدَّعُ}}.<ref name="Fischer47">{{R:ar:Fischer|section=§ 47|page=26}}</ref>


===Form VI===
===Form VI===
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: {{also|:Category:Arabic form-VI verbs}}
: {{also|:Category:Arabic form-VI verbs}}

In pre-classical language the formant can be {{m|ar|تْـ}} instead of {{m|ar|تَـ}} and assimilates then to alveolars (sun letters).<ref name="Fischer47"/>


===Form VII===
===Form VII===
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Perfective {{m|ar||اِفْعَالَّ}}, imperfective {{m|ar||يَفْعَالُّ}}, verbal noun {{m|ar||اِفْعِيلَال}}, active participle {{m|ar||مُفْعَالّ}}, imperative (2nd person, m, sg) {{m|ar||اِفْعَالَّ‎}}
Perfective {{m|ar||اِفْعَالَّ}}, imperfective {{m|ar||يَفْعَالُّ}}, verbal noun {{m|ar||اِفْعِيلَال}}, active participle {{m|ar||مُفْعَالّ}}, imperative (2nd person, m, sg) {{m|ar||اِفْعَالَّ‎}}


This stem is formed from form IX by lengthening the vowel after the second [[radical]]. This form is very rare and it is usually used only for metrical purposes in poetry as an alternative to form IX. Some scholars <ref>Haywood and Nahmad, 1962, p. 185</ref> <ref>(Wright, 1967)</ref> suggest the XI form may have a more volatile meaning than form IX, as well as one slightly more intensive.
This stem is formed from form IX by lengthening the vowel after the second [[radical]]. This form is very rare and it is usually used only for metrical purposes in poetry as an alternative to form IX. Some scholars <ref>{{cite-book|last=Haywood|first=J.A.|last2=Nahmad|first2=H.M.|title=A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language by Haywood|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1962|page=185}}</ref> suggest the XI form may have a more volatile meaning than form IX, as well as one slightly more intensive.
: Example: {{l|ar|اِحْمَارَّ|t=to turn [[red]], to [[blush]]}}
: Example: {{l|ar|اِحْمَارَّ|t=to turn [[red]], to [[blush]]}}


Revision as of 02:17, 14 February 2019

Derived stems (sound verbs)

Arabic Verbs
Arabic Nouns

Arabic verbs are noted for an unusual system of derivation. From any particular root various verb stems may be formed. Western scholars usually refer to these derivations as “form I”, “form II”, ... up through “form XV,” though these designations are not used indigenously, where they are referred to by derivations from the root ف ع ل (f-ʕ-l). Accordingly, form I would be فَعَلَ (faʕala), form II would be فَعَّلَ (faʕʕala), etc. These forms refer to triliteral roots (those made of three consonants). There are also quadriliteral roots, made up of four consonants, which come in four forms, “form Iq”, “form IIq”, “form IIIq” and “form IVq”. Triliteral forms XI through XV and quadriliteral forms IIIq and IVq are rare and tend to be intransitive, often stative, verbs (having the meaning “to be or become X” where X is an adjective).

These forms and their associated participles and verbal nouns are the primary means of forming vocabulary in Arabic. All of the examples shown here are the citation forms, which in Arabic means the 3rd-person masculine singular perfect (e.g., “he did”, “he wrote”).

Form I

Perfective فَعَلَ، فَعِلَ، فَعُلَ (faʕala, faʕila, faʕula), imperfective يَفْعَلُ، يَفْعِلُ، يَفْعُلُ (yafʕalu, yafʕilu, yafʕulu), active participle فَاعِل‎ (fāʕil), passive participle مَفْعُول‎ (mafʕūl), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَلْ‎‎، اِفْعِلْ، اُفْعُلْ (ifʕal, ifʕil, ufʕul)

This is the simplest basic form of a verb; it gives the general idea of its root. Most verbs are triliteral, but there are a few quadriliteral ones.

When the middle vowel of the perfective is a, the middle vowel of the imperfective may be a, i, or u. When the perfective vowel is i, the imperfective vowel is usually a; when the perfective vowel is u, the imperfective vowel is also u.

perfective
vowel		 imperfective
vowel		 example
a u كَتَبَ (kataba) يَكْتُبُ (yaktubu) to write
i غَسَلَ (ḡasala) يَغْسِلُ (yaḡsilu) to wash
a ذَهَبَ (ḏahaba) يَذْهَبُ (yaḏhabu) to go
i a شَرِبَ (šariba) يَشْرَبُ (yašrabu) to drink
i وَثِقَ (waṯiqa) يَثِقُ (yaṯiqu) to trust
u u كَرُمَ (karuma) يَكْرُمُ (yakrumu) to be generous
See also: Category:Arabic form-I verbs

Form II

Perfective فَعَّلَ (faʕʕala), imperfective يُفَعِّلُ (yufaʕʕilu), verbal noun تَفْعِيل (tafʕīl), active participle مُفَعِّل (mufaʕʕil), passive participle مُفَعَّل (mufaʕʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) فَعِّلْ (faʕʕil)

This stem is formed by doubling the second radical. The meaning this form imparts is intensive, causative, or declarative.

It is frequently used as a denominative formation to convert nouns or adjectives into verbs.

See also: Category:Arabic form-II verbs

Form III

Perfective فَاعَلَ (fāʕala), imperfective يُفَاعِلُ (yufāʕilu), verbal noun مُفَاعَلَة (mufāʕala), active participle مُفَاعِل (mufāʕil), passive participle مُفَاعَل (mufāʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) فَاعِلْ (fāʕil)

This stem is formed by lengthening the vowel after the first radical. The meaning this form imparts is often conative and always transitive. The indirect object of form I is the direct object of form III. Thus, the object of the preposition إِلَى (ʔilā, “to”) in كَتَبَ إِلَى أَحْمَدَ (kataba ʔilā ʔaḥmada, “he wrote to Ahmad”) becomes the direct object of the verb in كَاتَبَ أَحْمَدَ (kātaba ʔaḥmada, “he corresponded with Ahmad”).

See also: Category:Arabic form-III verbs

Form IV

Perfective أَفْعَلَ (ʔafʕala), imperfective يُفْعِلُ (yufʕilu), verbal noun إِفْعَال (ʔifʕāl), active participle مُفْعِل (mufʕil), passive participle مُفْعَل (mufʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) أَفْعِلْ (ʔafʕil)

This stem is formed by prefixing أَـ (ʔa-) and dropping the vowel of the first radical. In the imperfect, the أَ (ʔa) disappears and the regular imperfect prefix takes the vowel u, and the characteristic is i: يُكْتِبُ (yuktibu). The meaning this form imparts is usually causative.

Sometimes it has a declarative meaning: to say that someone has a certain quality.

Occasionally Form IV is derived from a noun and has an intransitive meaning:

See also: Category:Arabic form-IV verbs

Form V

Perfective تَفَعَّلَ (tafaʕʕala), imperfective يَتَفَعَّلُ (yatafaʕʕalu), verbal noun تَفَعُّل (tafaʕʕul), active participle مُتَفَعِّل (mutafaʕʕil), passive participle مُتَفَعَّل (mutafaʕʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) تَفَعَّلْ (tafaʕʕal)

This stem is formed by prefixing تَـ (ta-) to form II. The meaning this form imparts is the reflexive or passive of form II. Out of the reflexive also arises the effective. This differs from the passive in that the latter indicates that the person is the object of, or experiences the effect of, the action of a another; whereas the effective implies that an act is done to a person, or a state produced in him, whether it is caused by another or himself.

See also: Category:Arabic form-V verbs

In pre-classical language the formant can be تْـ (t-) instead of تَـ (ta-) and assimilates then to alveolars (sun letters). Example: اِصَّدَعَ (iṣṣadaʕa) instead of تَصَدَّعَ (taṣaddaʕa), present يَصَّدَّعُ (yaṣṣaddaʕu) instead of يَتَصَدَّعُ (yataṣaddaʕu).[1]

Form VI

Perfective تَفَاعَلَ (tafāʕala), imperfective يَتَفَاعَلُ (yatafāʕalu), verbal noun تَفَاعُل (tafāʕul), active participle مُتَفَاعِل (mutafāʕil), passive participle مُتَفَاعَل (mutafāʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) تَفَاعَلْ (tafāʕal)

This stem is formed by prefixing تَـ (ta-) to form III. The imperfect has the vowel a throughout, except for the last: يَتَكَاتَبُ (yatakātabu), yatakātabu. The meaning this form imparts is reciprocal or one of pretence.

See also: Category:Arabic form-VI verbs

In pre-classical language the formant can be تْـ (t-) instead of تَـ (ta-) and assimilates then to alveolars (sun letters).[1]

Form VII

Perfective اِنْفَعَلَ (infaʕala), imperfective يَنْفَعِلُ (yanfaʕilu), verbal noun اِنْفِعَال (infiʕāl), active participle مُنْفَعِل (munfaʕil), passive participle مُنْفَعَل (munfaʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِنْفَعِلْ (infaʕil)

This stem is formed by prefixing نـ (n-) with an prothetic vowel (اِ (i)) where necessary (in-). The meaning this form imparts is reflexive or passive. Note: this form should not be made from roots whose first radical is ‭ر (r), ل (l), ي (y), و (w), أ (ʔ), or ن (n), although some people do it.

See also: Category:Arabic form-VII verbs

Form VIII

Perfective اِفْتَعَلَ (iftaʕala), imperfective يَفْتَعِلُ (yaftaʕilu), verbal noun اِفْتِعَال (iftiʕāl), active participle مُفْتَعِل (muftaʕil), passive participle مُفْتَعَل (muftaʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْتَعِلْ (iftaʕil)

This stem is formed by infixing ـتَـ (-ta-) after the first radical, and with an prothetic vowel (اِ (i)) where necessary. The meaning this form imparts is the reflexive or sometimes passive, of the first form.

When the first radical of the root is ط (ṭ) , ض (ḍ) , ص (ṣ) , ز (z) , ذ (ḏ) , د (d) , ث (ṯ) , ت (t) , or ظ (ẓ), the infixed ـتـ (-t-) is completely assimilated, or assimilated in voicing or emphasis:

See also: Category:Arabic form-VIII verbs

Form IX

Perfective اِفْعَلَّ (ifʕalla), imperfective يَفْعَلُّ (yafʕallu), verbal noun اِفْعِلَال (ifʕilāl), active participle مُفْعَلّ (mufʕall), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَلَّ‎ (ifʕalla)

This stem is formed by dropping the vowel of the first radical, adding an prothetic vowel (اِ (i)) as necessary, and doubling the final radical. This form is used by only a small number of verbs denoting color or bodily defect. It is frequently connected to an adjective with the form أَفْعَل (ʔafʕal); see Appendix:Arabic nominals § Color or defect adjectives.

See also: Category:Arabic form-IX verbs

Form X

Perfective اِسْتَفْعَلَ (istafʕala), imperfective يَسْتَفْعِلُ (yastafʕilu), verbal noun اِسْتِفْعَال (istifʕāl), active participle مُسْتَفْعِل (mustafʕil), passive participle مُسْتَفْعَل (mustafʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِسْتَفْعِلْ (istafʕil)

This stem is formed by prefixing ـسْتـ (-sta-), with an prothetic vowel (اِ (i)) where necessary, and dropping the vowel of the first radical. The meaning this form imparts is to ask or think that the sense of form I should be done.

See also: Category:Arabic form-X verbs

Form Iq

Perfective فَعْلَقَ (faʕlaqa), imperfective يُفَعْلِقُ (yufaʕliqu), verbal noun فَعْلَقَة (faʕlaqa), active participle مُفَعْلِق (mufaʕliq), passive participle مُفَعْلَق (mufaʕlaq), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) فَعْلِقْ (faʕliq)

This is the simplest basic form of a quadriliteral verb. Most verbs are transitive, although a subset with reduplicated roots often are not. This form is similar to form II of triliteral roots.

The formation is sometimes used to convert nouns into verbs.

See also: Category:Arabic form-Iq verbs

Form IIq

Perfective تَفَعْلَقَ (tafaʕlaqa), imperfective يَتَفَعْلَقُ (yatafaʕlaqu), verbal noun تَفَعْلُق (tafaʕluq), active participle مُتَفَعْلِق (mutafaʕliq), passive participle مُتَفَعْلَق (mutafaʕlaq), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) تَفَعْلَقْ (tafaʕlaq)

This is a quadriliteral root stem, formed by prefixing تَ (ta) to form Iq. The meaning this form imparts is the reflexive or passive of form Iq. This form is similar to form V of triliteral roots.

See also: Category:Arabic form-IIq verbs

Other forms

These forms were already rare in Classical Arabic, and are even more so in Modern Standard Arabic.

Form XI

Perfective اِفْعَالَّ (ifʕālla), imperfective يَفْعَالُّ (yafʕāllu), verbal noun اِفْعِيلَال (ifʕīlāl), active participle مُفْعَالّ (mufʕāll), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَالَّ‎ (ifʕālla)

This stem is formed from form IX by lengthening the vowel after the second radical. This form is very rare and it is usually used only for metrical purposes in poetry as an alternative to form IX. Some scholars [2] suggest the XI form may have a more volatile meaning than form IX, as well as one slightly more intensive.

Example: اِحْمَارَّ (iḥmārra, “to turn red, to blush”)
See also: Category:Arabic form-XI verbs

Form XII

Perfective اِفْعَوْعَلَ (ifʕawʕala), imperfective يَفْعَوْعِلُ (yafʕawʕilu), verbal noun اِفْعِيعَال (ifʕīʕāl), active participle مُفْعَوْعِل (mufʕawʕil), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَوْعِلْ (ifʕawʕil)

Example: اِحْدَوْدَبَ (iḥdawdaba, “to be or become humpbacked”)
See also: Category:Arabic form-XII verbs

Form XIII

Perfective اِفْعَوَّلَ (ifʕawwala), imperfective يَفْعَوِّلُ (yafʕawwilu), verbal noun اِفْعِوَّال (ifʕiwwāl), active participle مُفْعَوِّل (mufʕawwil), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَوِّلْ (ifʕawwil)

Example: اِعْلَوَّطَ (iʕlawwaṭa, “to ride or mount a camel without a saddle”)
See also: Category:Arabic form-XIII verbs

Form XIV

Perfective اِفْعَنْلَلَ (ifʕanlala), imperfective يَفْعَنْلِلُ‎ (yafʕanlilu), verbal noun اِفْعِنْلَال‎ (ifʕinlāl), active participle مُفْعَنْلِل‎ (mufʕanlil), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَنْلِلْ (ifʕanlil)

Example: اِسْحَنْكَكَ (isḥankaka, “to be or become caliginous”)
See also: Category:Arabic form-XIV verbs

Form XV

Perfective اِفْعَنْلَى (ifʕanlā), imperfective ‎يَفْعَنْلَى‎ (yafʕanlā), verbal noun اِفْعِنْلَاء‎‎ (ifʕinlāʔ), active participle مُفْعَنْلٍ‎ (mufʕanlin), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَنْلَ‎ (ifʕanla)

Example: اِسْرَنْدَى (israndā, “to vanquish”)
See also: Category:Arabic form-XV verbs

Form IIIq

Perfective اِفْعَنْلَقَ (ifʕanlaqa), imperfective يَفْعَنْلِقُ (yafʕanliqu), verbal noun اِفْعِنْلَاق (ifʕinlāq), active participle مُفْعَنْلِق (mufʕanliq), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَنْلِقْ (ifʕanliq)

Example: اِحْرَنْجَمَ (iḥranjama, “to crowd”)
See also: Category:Arabic form-IIIq verbs

Form IVq

Perfective اِفْعَلَقَّ (ifʕalaqqa), imperfective يَفْعَلِقُّ‎ (yafʕaliqqu), verbal noun اِفْعِلْقَاق‎ (ifʕilqāq), active participle مُفْعَلِقّ‎ (mufʕaliqq), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَلِقَّ (ifʕaliqqa)

See also: Category:Arabic form-IVq verbs

Exceptions

Hamzated verbs

Verbs are called hamzated if ء (hamza) is one of the root consonants (radicals). The phonetical pattern of the conjugation of these verbs doesn't differ from other verbs in all forms but because of the rules of positioning of hamza, the spelling is affected in some forms, e.g. the verb أَكَلَ (ʔakala) (ʾ-k-l) has the form يَأْكُلُ (yaʾkulu) in the imperfect masculine singular and the verb قَرَأَ (qaraʔa) (q-r-ʾ) has the form تَقْرَئِينَ (taqraʾīna) in the imperfect feminine singular.

See also: Category:Arabic hamzated verbs

Weak verbs

TO DO Weak verbs are verbs that have one of the radicals و or ي.

  1. Assimilated verbs (R1 = و or ي)
    Form I: وَجَدَ (wajada) - "to find", imperfective يَجِدُ (yajidu).
    See also: Category:Arabic assimilated verbs
  2. Hollow verbs (R2 = و or ي)
    Form I: قَالَ (qāla) - "to say" قَالَتْ (qālat) "she said" but Lua error in Module:parameters at line 403: Parameter 4 has been entered more than once. This is probably because a parameter alias has been used.; imperfective يَقُولُ (yaqūlu) "he said", يَقُلْنَ (yaqulna) "they (f.) said".
    See also: Category:Arabic hollow verbs
  3. Final-weak verbs (R3 = و or ي), e.g. مَشَى (mašā) - "to walk", رَمَى (ramā) - "to throw", حَظِيَ (ḥaẓiya) - "to be in the good graces of, to enjoy", بَقِيَ (baqiya) - "to stay, to remain", دَعَا (daʕā) - "to call sb., to summon sb."., لَقِيَ (laqiya) - "to meet sb.".
    See also: Category:Arabic final-weak verbs

Other examples of weak verbs:

Quadriliteral verbs

TO DO Quadriliteral verbs are made from roots having four radicals, e.g. تَرْجَمَ (tarjama) - "to translate"; هَنْدَسَ (handasa) - "to engineer"; قَهْقَهَ (qahqaha) - "to laugh loudly"; تَبَلْوَرَ (tabalwara) - "to be crystalized" (form IIq); اِحْرَنْجَمَ (iḥranjama) - "to press one another" (form IIIq); اِطْمَأَنَّ (iṭmaʔanna) - "to be calm" (form IVq).

Geminate verbs

TO DO Geminate verbs are verbs that have the second and the third radicals the same, e.g. مَدَّ (madda) - "to stretch"; دَلَّ (dalla) - "to indicate"; ظَنَّ (ẓanna) - "to think"; حَاقَّ (ḥāqqa) - "to sue, to litigate" (form III); أَحَبَّ (ʔaḥabba) - "to love" (form IV); تَضَادَّ (taḍādda) - "to be opposed to one another" (form VI); اِنْشَقَّ (inšaqqa) - "to split" (form VII); اِحْتَلَّ (iḥtalla) - "to occupy" (form VIII); اِسْتَرَدَّ (istaradda) - "to demand back" (form X).

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fischer, Wolfdietrich (2006) Grammatik des Klassischen Arabisch (in German), 4th edition, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →ISBN, § 47, page 26
  2. ^ Haywood, J.A., Nahmad, H.M. (1962) A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language by Haywood, Harvard University Press, page 185

See also

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