奸

See also: 姦

奸 U+5978, 奸 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5978 ← 奷 [U+5977] CJK Unified Ideographs 她 → [U+5979]

Translingual

Han character

奸 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 女一十 (VMJ), four-corner 4144₀, composition ⿰女干)

Derived characters

• 𡋖

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 255, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6045
• Dae Jaweon: page 518, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1025, character 1
• Unihan data for U+5978

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Chinese

trad.		奸/姦*
simp.		奸
姦: “evil; to commit adultery; to rape”

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (干) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
訐	*krads, *krads, *ked, *kad
肝	*kaːn
竿	*kaːn
干	*kaːn
奸	*kaːn
玕	*kaːn
汗	*kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns
迀	*kaːn
忓	*kaːn, *ɡaːns
鳱	*kaːn
邗	*kaːn, *ɡaːn
秆	*kaːnʔ
矸	*kaːnʔ, *kaːns, *ɡaːns
仠	*kaːnʔ
皯	*kaːnʔ
衦	*kaːnʔ
簳	*kaːnʔ
擀	*kaːnʔ
旰	*kaːns
盰	*kaːns
幹	*kaːns
杆	*kaːns
骭	*kaːns, *ɡraːns
桿	*kaːnʔ
趕	*kaːnʔ
稈	*kaːnʔ
刊	*kʰaːn
靬	*kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan
衎	*kʰaːnʔ, *kʰaːns
犴	*ŋaːn, *ŋaːns
豻	*ŋaːn, *ŋaːns, *ɦŋaːns, *ŋ̊ʰraːn
頇	*ŋaːns, *hŋaːn, *ŋaːd
岸	*ŋɡaːns
鼾	*qʰaːn, *ɢaːns
罕	*qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns
焊	*qʰaːnʔ, *ɡaːns
蔊	*qʰaːnʔ
虷	*ɡaːn
旱	*ɡaːnʔ
皔	*ɡaːnʔ
釬	*ɡaːns
扞	*ɡaːns
閈	*ɡaːns
馯	*ɡaːns, *kʰraːn
捍	*ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ
悍	*ɡaːns
銲	*ɡaːns
垾	*ɡaːns
駻	*ɡaːns
睅	*ɡʷranʔ
娨	*ɡraːns
飦	*kan
赶	*ɡan, *ɡʷad
軒	*qʰan
蓒	*qʰan
酐	*qʰaːŋʔ
澣	*ɡʷaːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːn) : semantic 女 + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiān, gān (jian¹, gan¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ, ㄍㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan¹
• Eastern Min (BUC): găng
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kan
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹ke; ¹ji

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jian
    • Wade–Giles: chien¹
    • Yale: jyān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
    • Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gān
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gan
    • Wade–Giles: kan¹
    • Yale: gān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gan
    • Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kän⁵⁵/

Note: gān - Mainland, used in the sense “to offend”.

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gaan¹
    • Yale: gāan
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaan¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gan¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːn⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan
    • Tâi-lô: kan
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kafn
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹ke; ¹ji
    • MiniDict: ke^平; ji^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ke; ¹jji
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ke⁵³/, /d͡ʑi⁵³/

Note:

• 1ke - vernacular;
• 1ji - literary.

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• Middle Chinese: kan

Rime
Character	奸
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古寒切
Baxter	kan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑn/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑn/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kan/
Li Rong	/kɑn/
Wang Li	/kɑn/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gon1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤa[r]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kaːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	奸
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gān
Middle Chinese	‹ kan ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁa[r]/
English	treacherous
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	奸
Reading #	1/1
No.	3571
Phonetic component	干
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	干
Old Chinese	/*kaːn/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 奸

1. to offend; to conflict
2. to stage an armed rebellion or steal
3. evil; wicked; treacherous
4. self-seeking; wily
5. evildoer; treacherous person
6. traitor; betrayer
7. to commit adultery
8. to rape
   • 強奸／强奸  ―  qiángjiān  ―  to rape

Antonyms

• (evil): 義／义 (yì, “righteous; justice”)

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Japanese

Kanji

奸

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: かん (kan)、けん (ken)
• Kan-on: かん (kan)
• Kun: おかす (okasu, 奸す)、あし (ashi, 奸し)、わるい (warui, 奸い)、よこしま (yokoshima, 奸)

Compounds

Compounds

• 奸悪(かんあく) (kan'aku)
• 奸黠(かんかつ) (kankatsu)
• 漢奸(かんかん) (kankan)
• 奸譎(かんきつ) (kankitsu)
• 奸曲(かんきょく) (kankyoku)
• 奸計(かんけい) (kankei)
• 奸譎(かんけつ) (kanketsu)
• 奸詐(かんさ) (kansa)
• 奸才(かんさい) (kansai)
• 奸策(かんさく) (kansaku)
• 奸邪(かんじゃ) (kanja)
• 奸商(かんしょう) (kanshō)
• 奸心(かんしん) (kanshin)
• 奸臣(かんしん) (kanshin)
• 奸人(かんじん) (kanjin)
• 奸賊(かんぞく) (kanzoku)
• 奸智(かんち) (kanchi), 奸知(かんち) (kanchi)
• 奸徒(かんと) (kanto)
• 奸盗(かんとう) (kantō)
• 奸匿(かんとく) (kantoku), 奸匿(かんちょく) (kanchoku)
• 奸佞(かんねい) (kannei)
• 奸婦(かんぷ) (kanpu)
• 奸物(かんぶつ) (kanbutsu)
• 奸謀(かんぼう) (kanbō)
• 奸雄(かんゆう) (kan'yū)
• 斬奸(ざんかん) (zankan)
• 大奸(たいかん) (taikan)

Kanji in this term
奸
かん Hyōgai
on'yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 奸 (kan).

Alternative forms

• 姦, 姧

Adjective

奸(かん) • (kan) -na (adnominal 奸(かん)な (kan na), adverbial 奸(かん)に (kan ni))

1. wicked

Inflection

Inflection of 奸

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	奸だろ	かんだろ	kan daro
Continuative (連用形)	奸で	かんで	kan de
Terminal (終止形)	奸だ	かんだ	kan da
Attributive (連体形)	奸な	かんな	kan na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	奸なら	かんなら	kan nara
Imperative (命令形)	奸であれ	かんであれ	kan de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	奸ではない 奸じゃない	かんではない かんじゃない	kan de wa nai kan ja nai
Informal past	奸だった	かんだった	kan datta
Informal negative past	奸ではなかった 奸じゃなかった	かんではなかった かんじゃなかった	kan de wa nakatta kan ja nakatta
Formal	奸です	かんです	kan desu
Formal negative	奸ではありません 奸じゃありません	かんではありません かんじゃありません	kan de wa arimasen kan ja arimasen
Formal past	奸でした	かんでした	kan deshita
Formal negative past	奸ではありませんでした 奸じゃありませんでした	かんではありませんでした かんじゃありませんでした	kan de wa arimasen deshita kan ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	奸で	かんで	kan de
Conditional	奸なら（ば）	かんなら（ば）	kan nara (ba)
Provisional	奸だったら	かんだったら	kan dattara
Volitional	奸だろう	かんだろう	kan darō
Adverbial	奸に	かんに	kan ni
Degree	奸さ	かんさ	kansa

Noun

奸(かん) • (kan) 

1. evil, wickedness

   Antonyms: 義(ぎ) (gi, “justice”)

2. wicked person

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Korean

Hanja

Wikisource

奸 (eumhun 간사할 간 (gansahal gan))
奸 (eumhun 범할 간 (beomhal gan))

1. hanja form^? of 간 (“evil, wicked”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 간사 (奸邪, gansa, “deceit”)
• 간악 (奸惡, ganak, “wickedness”)
• 간계 (奸計, gan'gye, “evil plot/scheme”)
• 간교 (奸巧, gan'gyo, “cunningness”)

References

• Naver Hanja Dictionary: 奸
• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

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