麥
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]麥 (Kangxi radical 199, 麥+0, 11 strokes, cangjie input 十人弓戈 (JONI), four-corner 40207, composition ⿱來夊)
- Kangxi radical #199, ⿆.
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1512, character 8
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47717
- Dae Jaweon: page 2041, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4600, character 1
- Unihan data for U+9EA5
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 麥 | |
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simp. | 麦* | |
alternative forms | 麦 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 麥 | |||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *mrɯːɡ) : phonetic 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ) + semantic 夊 (“foot; to walk slowly”). 來 was the original character for “wheat”. Several possible interpretations:
- This character originally meant “to come”. Because the simpler 來 was commonly used for this (borrowed) sense, its original meaning (“wheat”) switched with 麥.
- 夊 represents the ancient concept that wheat came from the heavens.
- 夊 represents growth of the wheat plant.
Etymology
[edit]Etymologically unrelated to 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “to come”). Schuessler (2007) suggests it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m‑rə(k) (“buckwheat”) and cognate with Tibetan བྲ་བོ (bra bo, “buckwheat”); also compare Proto-Lolo-Burmese *g-ra² (“buckwheat”). STEDT compares 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”) to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *bra (“buckwheat”) (provisional).
Starostin (2009), on the other hand, compares 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”) to Proto-Tungusic *murgi (“barley”), Middle Korean 밇 (milh, “wheat”), Old Japanese 麦 (mugi1, “wheat; barley”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): me2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): mah6
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): mieh4
- Northern Min (KCR): mà
- Eastern Min (BUC): măk / mĕk
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 8maq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): me6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, vernacular, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄞˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: mài
- Wade–Giles: mai4
- Yale: mài
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: may
- Palladius: май (maj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /maɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, literary variant)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: mò
- Wade–Giles: mo4
- Yale: mwò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: moh
- Palladius: мо (mo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /mu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: me2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: me
- Sinological IPA (key): /mɛ²¹/
- (Standard Chinese, vernacular, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: mak6 / maak6
- Yale: mahk / maahk
- Cantonese Pinyin: mak9 / maak9
- Guangdong Romanization: meg6 / mag6
- Sinological IPA (key): /mɐk̚²/, /maːk̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: mak5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵐbak̚³²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: mah6
- Sinological IPA (key): /maʔ⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ma̍k
- Hakka Romanization System: mag
- Hagfa Pinyim: mag6
- Sinological IPA: /mak̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: mieh4
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /miəʔ²/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mà
- Sinological IPA (key): /ma⁴²/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: măk / mĕk
- Sinological IPA (key): /maʔ⁵/, /mɛiʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- măk - vernacular;
- mĕk - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: be̍eh
- Tâi-lô: be̍eh
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɛʔ¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: be̍k
- Tâi-lô: bi̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: bek
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /biɪk̚⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɪk̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bia̍k
- Tâi-lô: bia̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: biak
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /biak̚²⁴/
- be̍h/be̍eh - vernacular (including surname);
- be̍k/bia̍k - literary.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 麥 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /mai⁵¹/ |
Harbin | /mai⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | /mai⁵³/ | |
Jinan | /mei²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /me⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /mɛ²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /mei²¹/ | |
Xining | /mɨ⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /mia¹³/ /mɛ¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /mə¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /mai²¹³/ /mei⁴⁴/ | |
Wuhan | /mɤ²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /me³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /mɛ²¹/ | |
Kunming | /mə³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /məʔ⁵/ | |
Hefei | /mɐʔ⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /mai⁴⁵/ |
Pingyao | /miʌʔ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /miaʔ⁴³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /maʔ¹/ |
Suzhou | /mɑʔ³/ | |
Hangzhou | /mɑʔ²/ | |
Wenzhou | /ma²¹³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /mɛ²²/ |
Tunxi | /ma¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /mə²⁴/ |
Xiangtan | /mai²⁴/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /mɑʔ²/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /mak̚⁵/ |
Taoyuan | /mɑk̚⁵⁵/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /mɐk̚²/ |
Nanning | /mɐk̚²²/ | |
Hong Kong | /mɐk̚²/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /bik̚⁵/ /beʔ⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /maʔ⁵/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ma⁴²/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /beʔ⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /vɛ³³/ |
- Middle Chinese: meak
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-rˤək/
- (Zhengzhang): /*mrɯːɡ/
Definitions
[edit]麥
- general term for wheat, barley, oats, ryes, etc.
- (specifically) wheat
- (Hainanese) corn; maize
- Short for 麥克風/麦克风 (màikèfēng, “microphone”).
- Short for 麥克斯韋/麦克斯韦 (Màikèsīwéi).
- a surname
Synonyms
[edit]Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 傳聲器, 微音器, 擴音器, 話筒, 麥克風 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 麥克風, 話筒, 麥 |
Singapore | 麥克風 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 咪, 話筒 |
Hong Kong | 咪, 咪高峰 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 咪, 麥克風, 話筒 |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 麥克 | |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 麥克 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 麥克 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 麥克, 放送頭 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 麥克 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 麥克 | |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 麥克風, 話筒 |
New Taipei (Pingxi) | 麥克 | |
Tainan (Anping) | 麥克 | |
Shantou | 麥克風, 話筒 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 麥克風, 話筒 |
Wenzhou | 話筒, 麥 |
Compounds
[edit]- 不辨菽麥/不辨菽麦 (bùbiànshūmài)
- 丹麥/丹麦 (Dānmài)
- 丹麥人/丹麦人 (dānmàirén)
- 丹麥學派/丹麦学派
- 丹麥王國/丹麦王国 (Dānmài Wángguó)
- 丹麥語/丹麦语 (Dānmàiyǔ)
- 元麥/元麦
- 兔絲燕麥/兔丝燕麦
- 冬小麥/冬小麦 (dōngxiǎomài)
- 冬麥/冬麦 (dōngmài)
- 喀麥隆/喀麦隆 (Kāmàilóng)
- 堯夫助麥/尧夫助麦
- 大麥/大麦 (dàmài)
- 大麥籽/大麦籽
- 宿麥/宿麦
- 小麥/小麦 (xiǎomài)
- 打麥/打麦
- 打麥場/打麦场
- 拉愛麥/拉爱麦
- 挽麥子/挽麦子
- 春大麥/春大麦
- 春小麥/春小麦
- 春麥/春麦
- 毒麥/毒麦 (dúmài)
- 烏麥/乌麦
- 燕麥/燕麦 (yànmài)
- 燕麥片/燕麦片 (yànmàipiàn)
- 玉麥/玉麦 (Yùmài)
- 瑞麥/瑞麦
- 番麥粒/番麦粒
- 看麥娘/看麦娘
- 破麥破梨/破麦破梨
- 稞麥/稞麦
- 種麥得麥/种麦得麦
- 菽麥/菽麦
- 菽麥不辨/菽麦不辨
- 蕎麥/荞麦 (qiáomài)
- 蕎麥皮/荞麦皮
- 蕎麥麵/荞麦面 (qiáomàimiàn)
- 裸麥/裸麦 (luǒmài)
- 開麥拉/开麦拉 (kāimàilā)
- 雀麥/雀麦
- 高鳳流麥/高凤流麦
- 麥丘老人/麦丘老人
- 麥仔/麦仔 (ma̍k-é)
- 麥信風/麦信风
- 麥候/麦候
- 麥個子/麦个子
- 麥克風/麦克风 (màikèfēng)
- 麥冬/麦冬 (màidōng)
- 麥加/麦加 (Màijiā)
- 麥口期/麦口期
- 麥地那/麦地那 (Màidìnà)
- 麥子/麦子 (màizi)
- 麥寮鄉/麦寮乡
- 麥嶺/麦岭 (màilǐng)
- 麥末/麦末
- 麥浪/麦浪
- 麥燒/麦烧
- 麥片/麦片 (màipiàn)
- 麥生/麦生
- 麥生糖/麦生糖
- 麥田/麦田 (màitián)
- 麥畦/麦畦
- 麥當勞/麦当劳 (Màidāngláo)
- 麥碴兒/麦碴儿
- 麥秀/麦秀
- 麥秀兩歧/麦秀两歧
- 麥秀歌/麦秀歌
- 麥秋/麦秋 (màiqiū)
- 麥積山/麦积山
- 麥穗/麦穗 (màisuì)
- 麥穗兩歧/麦穗两歧
- 麥管/麦管
- 麥粉/麦粉 (màifěn)
- 麥粒腫/麦粒肿 (màilìzhǒng)
- 麥精/麦精
- 麥糠/麦糠 (màikāng)
- 麥舟/麦舟
- 麥芒/麦芒 (màimáng)
- 麥芽/麦芽 (màiyá)
- 麥芽糖/麦芽糖 (màiyátáng)
- 麥苗/麦苗 (màimiáo)
- 麥茬/麦茬
- 麥蓋提/麦盖提 (Màigàití)
- 麥蚜/麦蚜
- 麥蚻/麦蚻
- 麥西/麦西
- 麥角/麦角 (màijiǎo)
- 麥酒/麦酒 (màijiǔ)
- 麥隴/麦陇 (màilǒng)
- 麥飯/麦饭
- 麥麩/麦麸 (màifū)
- 黍離麥秀/黍离麦秀
- 黑麥/黑麦 (hēimài)
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- (Min Nan) “Entry #8112”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
[edit]麦 | |
麥 |
Kanji
[edit](Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 麦)
Readings
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
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