kost

See also: Appendix:Variations of "kost"

Cornish

Etymology 1

Borrowed from English cost.

Noun

kost m (plural kostys or kostow)

1. cost, expense
2. charge

   Synonym: charj

Derived terms

• heb kost (“free of charge”)
• kostow arghantti (“bank charges”)
• kostow mentons (“maintenance charges”)
• kostya (“cost”, verb)
• kusulyades kost f, kusulyas kost m (“quantity surveyor”)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English coast.

Noun

kost m (plural kostys)

1. coast

   Synonym: arvor

2. district, region

   Synonyms: pow, ranndir, tiredh

Mutation

Mutation of kost

radical	soft	aspirate	hard	mixed
kost	gost	host	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Cornish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Czech

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *kostь

Old Czech kost

Czech kost

Inherited from Old Czech kost, from Proto-Slavic *kostь.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkost]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: kost
• Rhymes: -ost

Noun

kost f (relational adjective kostní, diminutive kůstka)

1. bone (any of the components of an endoskeleton, made of bone)
2. (colloquial) girl, woman

Declension

Declension of kost (i-stem feminine)

	singular	plural
nominative	kost	kosti
genitive	kosti	kostí
dative	kosti	kostem
accusative	kost	kosti
vocative	kosti	kosti
locative	kosti	kostech
instrumental	kostí	kostmi

Derived terms

adjectives

• kosterní
• kostlivý
• kostnatý
• kostní
• kosťový

nouns

• diagram rybí kosti
• kostivěda
• kostlivec
• kostnice
• kostra
• kůstka

Further reading

• “kost”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “kost”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “kost”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2026

Danish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse kostr, from Middle Low German kost, koste, German Kosten, borrowed from Medieval Latin costa, which is derived from the verb constare.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkʰʌsd̥]

Noun

kost c (singular definite kosten, not used in plural form)

1. food (any substance consumed by living organisms to sustain life)
2. diet (food a person or animal consumes, habitual consumption)
3. board (regular meals or the amount paid for them in a place of lodging)

Declension

Declension of kost

common gender	singular
	indefinite	definite
nominative	kost	kosten
genitive	kosts	kostens

Etymology 2

From Swedish kvast, from Old Norse *kvǫstr, from Proto-Germanic *kwastuz. Doublet of kvast ("tassel"), related to German Quaste (“tassel”), and Dutch kwast.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkʰɔsd̥]

Noun

kost c (singular definite kosten, plural indefinite koste)

1. broom, besom
2. brush

Declension

Declension of kost

common gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	kost	kosten	koste	kostene
genitive	kosts	kostens	kostes	kostenes

Descendants

• → Icelandic: kústur

References

• “kost” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɔst/
• Hyphenation: kost
• Rhymes: -ɔst

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch cost, from Old French cost. Compare German Kost and Kosten (respectively with the same semantic developments).

Noun

kost m (plural kosten, diminutive kostje n)

1. (chiefly in the plural) cost, expenses
2. (uncountable, with definite article) board, livelihood, meals and lodgings
3. (uncountable) food, nourishment

Derived terms

• de kost gaat voor de baat uit
• grondstofkosten
• kostbaar
• kostbaas
• kostelijk
• kosteloos
• kosten koper
• kostenplaatje
• kostenpost
• kostganger
• kostgeld
• kostgrond
• kostjongen
• kostleerling
• kostprijs
• kostschool
• kostwinner
• op kosten jagen
• rauwkost
• reiskost
• ten koste van
• verzendkosten
• voor de kost
• zijn ogen de kost geven

Descendants

• Afrikaans: kos (“food”)
• Negerhollands: kost
• → Indonesian: kos (“lodgings”)

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

kost

1. inflection of kosten:
   1. first/second/third-person singular present indicative
   2. imperative

Anagrams

• kots
• stok

German

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkoːst/

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

  (file)

Verb

kost

1. inflection of kosen:
   1. third-person singular present
   2. second-person plural present subjunctive
   3. plural imperative

Hungarian

Etymology

kos +‎ -t

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkoʃt]
• Hyphenation: kost
• Rhymes: -oʃt

Noun

kost

1. accusative singular of kos

Icelandic

Noun

kost

1. indefinite accusative singular of kostur

Latvian

Etymology

From *kansti, from Proto-Baltic *kand-t(e)i, from an ablauted form *kond- of Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to rub, to scratch, to scrape”) (whence also kniest (“to itch”), q.v.) with an extra -d. Cognates include Lithuanian ką́sti, Proto-Slavic *kǫsъ (Old Church Slavonic кѫсъ (kǫsŭ), Russian кус (kus, “mouthful”), кусать (kusatʹ, “to bite, to sting”), Bulgarian къ́сам (kắsam, “to bite, to sting”), Czech kousati, Polish kąsać (“to bite, to sting”)), Sanskrit खादति (khā́dati, “to bite, to eat”), Ancient Greek κνώδοντες (knṓdontes, “metal teeth on sword”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkuɔ̯̂st]

• Audio:

  (file)

Verb

kost (transitive, 1st conjugation, present kožu, kod, kož, past kodu)

1. to bite, to take a bite (to use one's teeth to press, to cut off a piece of something)

   kost maizes kumosu ― to bite (off) a mouthful of bread

   kost riekstu ― to bite a nut, to break its shell with one's teeth

   kost auklu, diegu ar zobiem ― to bite (= cut) a string, a cord with (one's) teeth

   desu koda, Pāvils no viena gala, Roberts no otra ― they bit the sausage, Pāvils from one end, Roberts from the other

   Baiba kož maizi pa mazam gabaliņam, lai ilgāk pietiktu ― Baiba bites the bread in small bites, so that it lasts longer

   smeikli kaklu nelauzīs, bez zobiem riekstu nekodīs ― laughter won't break (one's) neck, without teeth (one) won't bite (= break open) a nut

2. to bite in (to press, to sink one's teeth into something)

   kost tomātā, ābolā ― to bite (in) a tomato, an apple

   Andris kāri kož biezajā sviestmaizē ― Andris bit (in) the thick sandwich with appetite

3. to bite, to chew (to reduce (usually food) to pieces with one's teeth)

   Julcīte savu cukura gabaliņu iemet mutē un kož kraukšķinādama un tīksminādamās ― Julcīte threw her sugar cube into (her) mouth and bit, chewed, crunching and enjoying it

   kaza kož lapas ar saviem asajiem zobiem ― the goat is biting, chewing leaves with its sharp teeth

4. (colloquial) to eat a little, to have a bite

   viņa no rīta nav kumosu kodusi ― she hasn't had a bite (= anything to eat) since morning

5. to bite (to be able to bite; to sink one's teeth into something in order to hurt or kill; (of insects) to sting)

   čūska kož ― the snake bites

   svešs zvērs var pēkšņi kost ― a strange animal may suddenly bite

   vilks koda avis ― the wolf bit the sheep

   kostas brūces ― bitten wounds (i.e., wounds from bites)

   odi, blusas, dunduris kož ― mosquitoes, fleas, horseflies bite

   mušas koda kā trakas ― the flies bit like crazy

   visu nedēļu dunduri koduši miesu ― all week the horseflies have been biting (our) flesh

6. (figuratively, of hard, sharp objects) to cause sudden sharp pain

   vajadzēs tev savaldīties: ganu rīkstes kož ― you will have to be careful: the shepherd's rod bites (= hurts)

7. (figuratively, of words, thoughts) to cause sudden discomfort

   visvairāk kremt un kož tā aušīgā iedoma ― that flighty whim gnaws and bites most of all

8. (of cold or hot weather) to bite (to freeze or heat so much that they no longer grow)

   salnas kosta bērza lapa, ziedus ― the frosts bit the birch leaves, the flowers

   saulstaru kosta zāle ― sun(rays)-bitten grass

9. (of time, rust) to damage or destroy slowly

   rūsa nespēj kost ― rust won't be able to bite it

   laika kostais kuršu zobens ― time-bitten (worn-out) Curonian sword

10. to bite (to cause a sore, burning sensation)

    sinepes kož mēlē ― must bites the tongue

    dūmi sāka kost acīs un kaklā ― the smoke started biting in the eyes and throat

    sviedri ritēja pāri pierei un koda acīs ― the sweat ran past (his) forehead and bit in (his) eyes

    laukā asi koda sals ― outside, the frost bit sharp

    vaigos kož sals, un sniegs jautri gurkst zem zābaku zolēm ― the frost bit in the cheeks, and the snow crunched under the boot soles

    rupji krekli kož ādā ― coarse shirts bite the skin

11. (of bright lights, colors) to bite (to cause a feeling of pain in the eyes)

    lielās dzīvsudraba spuldzes ir tik spilgtas, ka kož acīs ― the large mercury lamps are so bright that they bite in the eyes

    lakats bija jauns un košs, par daudz košs, koda acīs ― the scarf was new and bright, too bright: it bit in the eyes

12. (of tools, blades) to be sharp when in use, to cut well

    zāģis koda labi ― the saw bit (= cut) well

    jūsu gudrība ka truls nazis: spīdēt spīd, bet nekož ― your wisdom (is) like a dull knife: it does shine, but it doesn't bite (= doesn't cut)

13. to bite (to press one's teeth, usually expressing tension)

    kost zobus lūpā ― to bite (lit. to bite one's teeth) in(to) one's lip

    meitene koda lūpā, līdz tā kļuva balta ― the girl bit her lip until it became white

14. to bite (to make something, usually a gap, hole, etc., with one's teeth)

    Kains gurķa auglī dižu robu kodīs ― Kains will bite a big hole in the cucumber plant

Conjugation

Conjugation of kost (1st)

	indicative (īstenības izteiksme)					imperative (pavēles izteiksme)
		present (tagadne)	past (pagātne)		future (nākotne)
1st person sg	es	kožu	kodu		kodīšu	—
2nd person sg	tu	kod	kodi		kodīsi	kod
3rd person sg	viņš, viņa	kož	koda		kodīs	lai kož
1st person pl	mēs	kožam	kodām		kodīsim	kodīsim
2nd person pl	jūs	kožat	kodāt		kodīsiet, kodīsit	kodiet
3rd person pl	viņi, viņas	kož	koda		kodīs	lai kož
renarrative (atstāstījuma izteiksme)				participles (divdabji)
present	kožot			present active 1 (adj.)		kodošs
past	esot kodis			present active 2 (adv.)		kozdams
future	kodīšot			present active 3 (adv.)		kožot
imperative	lai kožot			present active 4 (obj.)		kožam
conditional (vēlējuma izteiksme)				past active		kodis
present	kostu			present passive		kožams
past	būtu kodis			past passive		kosts
debitive (vajadzības izteiksme)				nominal forms
indicative	(būt) jākož			infinitive (nenoteiksme)		kost
conjunctive 1	esot jākož			negative infinitive		nekost
conjunctive 2	jākožot			verbal noun		košana

Derived terms

prefixed verbs:

• aizkost
• apkost
• atkost
• iekost
• izkost
• nokost
• pakost
• pārkost
• piekost
• sakost
• uzkost

other derived terms:

• kodiens
• kodīgs
• kodināt
• kodums
• kosties

Related terms

• kodīt
• košļāt

Mòcheno

Etymology

From Middle High German kost, koste, from Medieval Latin costa, from Latin cōnstō. Cognate with German Kost.

Noun

kost f

1. dish (specific type of food)

References

• “kost” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

Noun

kost m (definite singular kosten, indefinite plural koster, definite plural kostene)

1. a broom or brush

Derived terms

• barberkost
• sminkekost

Related terms

• koste

Etymology 2

From Old Norse kostr.

Noun

kost m (definite singular kosten, uncountable)

1. diet (what one usually eats, not a restricted diet)
2. board

   kost og losji - board and lodging

Derived terms

• kostfiber
• kosthold
• kosttilskudd

Etymology 3

Alternative forms

• kosa, koset (of kose)

Verb

kost

1. past participle of kose
2. imperative of koste

References

• “kost” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kʊst/

Noun

kost m (definite singular kosten, indefinite plural kostar, definite plural kostane)

1. a broom or brush

Derived terms

• barberkost
• sminkekost

Etymology 2

From Old Norse kostr.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɔst/

Noun

kost m (definite singular kosten, uncountable)

1. diet (what one usually eats, not a restricted diet)
2. board

   kost og losji - board and lodging

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kuːst/

Participle

kost

1. past participle of kosa

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɔst/

Verb

kost

1. imperative of kosta

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kʊst/

Verb

kost

1. imperative of kosta

References

• “kost” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kostь.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈkost/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈkost/

Noun

kost f

1. bone

Declension

Declension of kost (i-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	kost	kosti	kosti
genitive	kosti	kosťú	kostí
dative	kosti	kostma	kostem
accusative	kost	kosti	kosti
vocative	kosti	kosti	kosti
locative	kosti	kosťú	kostech
instrumental	kosťú	kostma	kostmi

This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.

Descendants

• Czech: kost

Further reading

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916), “kost”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

Polish

Pronunciation

• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈkɔst/
• (Masovia):
  • (Near Masovian) IPA^(key): [ˈkɔst]

Noun

kost m inan

1. (Middle Polish, Far Masovian, Przasnysz) alternative form of koszt

Further reading

• Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “koszt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• Jan Karłowicz (1901), “koszt”, in Słownik gwar polskich [Dictionary of Polish dialects] (in Polish), volume 2: F do K, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 446

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kostь.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kôːst/

Noun

kȏst f (Cyrillic spelling ко̑ст)

1. bone

Declension

Declension of kost

	singular	plural
nominative	kȏst	kȍsti
genitive	kȍsti	kòstī / kòstijū
dative	kȍsti	kòstima
accusative	kȏst	kȍsti
vocative	kȍsti	kȍsti
locative	kòsti	kòstima
instrumental	kȏšću / kȍsti	kòstima

Derived terms

nouns

• ključna kost
• koštica
• koštunica

Further reading

• “kost”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026
• Pero Budmani, editor (1898–1903), “kȏst”, in Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika‎^[2] (in Serbo-Croatian), volume 5, Zagreb: JAZU, page 368

Slavomolisano

Etymology

From Serbo-Croatian kost.

Noun

kost m

1. bone

Declension

Declension of kost (inan series-1b masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	kost	kosta
genitive	kosta	kost, kosti
dative	kostu	kostami, kosti
accusative	kost	kosta
locative	kostu	kosta
instrumental	kostom, kostam	kostami, kosti

References

• Antonietta Marra (2012), “Contact phenomena in the Slavic of Molise: some remarks about nouns and prepositional phrases” in Morphologies in Contact.

Slovene

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kostь. First attested in the 16th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kóːst/

Noun

kọ̑st f

1. bone

Declension

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Feminine, i-stem, long mixed accent
nom. sing.	kóst
gen. sing.	kostí
	singular	dual	plural
nominative (imenovȃlnik)	kóst	kostí	kostí
genitive (rodȋlnik)	kostí	kostí	kostí
dative (dajȃlnik)	kôsti	kostéma	kostém
accusative (tožȋlnik)	kóst	kostí	kostí
locative (mẹ̑stnik)	kôsti	kostéh	kostéh
instrumental (orọ̑dnik)	kostjó	kostéma	kostmí

Further reading

• “kost”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
• “kost”, in Termania, Amebis
• See also the general references

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse kostr, from Middle Low German kost, koste.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɔst/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔst

Noun

kost c

1. diet, food (The food and beverage a person or animal habitually consumes, or food more generally)

   kost och logi

   food and accommodation

Declension

Declension of kost

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	kost	kosts
	definite	kosten	kostens
plural	indefinite	—	—
	definite	—	—

See also

• diet (“diet, controlled food regime”)
• livsmedel (“foodstuff”)
• mat (“food”)

Further reading

• “kost”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)

Anagrams

• toks