監督
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See also: 监督
Chinese
[edit]supervisor; hard; strong supervisor; hard; strong; solid; firm; to supervise; to inspect; jail; prison |
supervise | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (監督) | 監 | 督 | |
simp. (监督) | 监 | 督 |
Etymology
[edit]- “(ACG) director”
- Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 監督 (kantoku, “director”), which was in turn a semantic readaptation of Chinese 監督/监督 (jiāndū, “to supervise”).
- “(WMF) to oversight”
- Semantic loan from English oversight.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jian1 du1
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gaam1 duk1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kam-tuk
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ ㄉㄨ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiandu
- Wade–Giles: chien1-tu1
- Yale: jyān-dū
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiandu
- Palladius: цзяньду (czjanʹdu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: jian1 du1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giandu
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiɛn⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: gaam1 duk1
- Yale: gāam dūk
- Cantonese Pinyin: gaam1 duk7
- Guangdong Romanization: gam1 dug1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaːm⁵⁵ tʊk̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kam-tuk
- Hakka Romanization System: gam dugˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gam4 dug5
- Sinological IPA: /kam⁵⁵ tuk̚²/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Southern Min
- Middle Chinese: kaem towk
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*kraːm ʔl'uːwɢ/
Verb
[edit]監督
- to supervise; to superintend; to oversee; to regulate
- (Wikimedia jargon) to oversight (to suppress content in a way that removes or minimizes its visibility or viewability)
Synonyms
[edit]- (to supervise):
Noun
[edit]監督
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Further reading
[edit]監督/监督 on the Chinese Wikipedia.Wikipedia zh
維基百科:監督/维基百科:监督 on the Chinese Wikipedia.Wikipedia zh
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
監 | 督 |
かん Grade: S |
とく Grade: S |
on'yomi |
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Synonyms
[edit]- ディレクター (direkutā, “director”)
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]- 事務総長 (jimu sōchō): head of a department; secretary general
Verb
[edit]監督する • (kantoku suru) transitive suru (stem 監督し (kantoku shi), past 監督した (kantoku shita))
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "監督する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 監督し | かんとくし | kantoku shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 監督し | かんとくし | kantoku shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 監督する | かんとくする | kantoku suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 監督する | かんとくする | kantoku suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 監督すれ | かんとくすれ | kantoku sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 監督せよ¹ 監督しろ² |
かんとくせよ¹ かんとくしろ² |
kantoku seyo¹ kantoku shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 監督される | かんとくされる | kantoku sareru | |
Causative | 監督させる 監督さす |
かんとくさせる かんとくさす |
kantoku saseru kantoku sasu | |
Potential | 監督できる | かんとくできる | kantoku dekiru | |
Volitional | 監督しよう | かんとくしよう | kantoku shiyō | |
Negative | 監督しない | かんとくしない | kantoku shinai | |
Negative continuative | 監督せず | かんとくせず | kantoku sezu | |
Formal | 監督します | かんとくします | kantoku shimasu | |
Perfective | 監督した | かんとくした | kantoku shita | |
Conjunctive | 監督して | かんとくして | kantoku shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 監督すれば | かんとくすれば | kantoku sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
References
[edit]- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
- Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- Kitahara, Yasuo, editor (2002), 明鏡国語辞典 [Meikyō Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Hanja in this term | |
---|---|
監 | 督 |
Noun
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
---|---|
監 | 督 |
Noun
[edit]監督
Categories:
- Chinese terms borrowed from Japanese
- Chinese orthographic borrowings from Japanese
- Chinese terms derived from Japanese
- Wasei kango
- Chinese terms borrowed back into Chinese
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- zh:Wikimedia
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- Japanese terms spelled with 督 read as とく
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