監督

See also: 监督

Chinese

		supervisor; hard; strong supervisor; hard; strong; solid; firm; to supervise; to inspect; jail; prison	supervise
trad. (監督)		監	督
simp. (监督)		监	督

Etymology

“(ACG) director”

Wasei kango (和(わ)製(せい)漢(かん)語(ご)), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 監督(かんとく) (kantoku, “director”), which was in turn a semantic readaptation of Chinese 監督／监督 (jiāndū, “to supervise”).

“(WMF) to oversight”

Semantic loan from English oversight.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): jiāndū

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ ㄉㄨ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jian¹ du¹

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaam¹ duk¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kam-tuk

  (Hailu, HRS): gam^ˇ dug

• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kàm-tok / kam-tok

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gam³ dog⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiāndū
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ ㄉㄨ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiandu
    • Wade–Giles: chien¹-tu¹
    • Yale: jyān-dū
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiandu
    • Palladius: цзяньду (czjanʹdu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: jian¹ du¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giandu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɛn⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gaam¹ duk¹
    • Yale: gāam dūk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaam¹ duk⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: gam¹ dug¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːm⁵⁵ tʊk̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kam-tuk
    • Hakka Romanization System: gam dug^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gam⁴ dug⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /kam⁵⁵ tuk̚²/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: gam^ˇ dug
    • Sinological IPA: /kam¹¹ tuk⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàm-tok
    • Tâi-lô: kàm-tok
    • Phofsit Daibuun: karmdog
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kam²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔk̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kam²¹⁻⁵³ tɔk̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kam¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔk̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔk̚⁵/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kam-tok
    • Tâi-lô: kam-tok
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kamdog
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kam⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚³²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gam³ dog⁴
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kàm tok
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kam²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tok̚²/

---

• Middle Chinese: kaem towk

Rime
Character	監	督
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	銜 (149)	沃 (6)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	I
Fanqie	谷銜切	冬毒切
Baxter	kaem	towk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠam/	/tuok̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚam/	/tuok̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kam/	/tok̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨm/	/tawk̚/
Li Rong	/kam/	/tok̚/
Wang Li	/kam/	/tuok̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kam/	/tuok̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiān	du
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaam1	duk1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kraːm  ʔl'uːwɢ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	監
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiān
Middle Chinese	‹ kæm ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ˁram/
English	inspect
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	監	督
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	6103	11738
Phonetic component	監	尗
Rime group	談	覺
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime		篤
Old Chinese	/*kraːm/	/*ʔl'uːwɢ/
Notes	鑑初文，象人俯視皿水察容（林義光陳獨秀說），非形聲字

Verb

監督

1. to supervise; to superintend; to oversee; to regulate

   證券監督管理機構 [MSC, trad.]
   证券监督管理机构 [MSC, simp.]

   zhèngquàn jiāndū guǎnlǐ jīgòu [Pinyin]

   securities regulatory agency

   自覺接受監督／自觉接受监督  ―  zìjué jiēshòu jiāndū  ―  to consciously accept supervision

2. (Wikimedia jargon) to oversight (to suppress content in a way that removes or minimizes its visibility or viewability)

Synonyms

• (to supervise):

edit

• 監察 / 监察 (jiānchá)
• 監控 / 监控 (jiānkòng)
• 監測 / 监测 (jiāncè)
• 監視 / 监视 (jiānshì)
• 監管 / 监管 (jiānguǎn)
• 看守 (kānshǒu)
• 看管 (kānguǎn)
• 管制 (guǎnzhì)
• 董督 (dǒngdū) (literary)
• 觀顧 / 观顾 (Hokkien)
• 警察 (jǐngchá) (literary)

Noun

監督

1. supervisor; overseer
2. (ACG) film director

Derived terms

• 互相監督 / 互相监督 (hùxiāng jiāndū)
• 監督權 / 监督权 (jiāndūquán)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (監督):

• → Japanese: 監督(かんとく) (kantoku)
• → Korean: 감독(監督) (gamdok)
• → Vietnamese: giám đốc (監督)

Further reading

• 監督 / 监督 on the Chinese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^zh
• 維基百科:監督 / 维基百科:监督 on the Chinese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^zh

Japanese

Kanji in this term
監	督
かん Grade: S	とく Grade: S
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kã̠nto̞kɯ̟]
• (Tokyo) かんとく [kàńtókú] (Heiban – [0])

Noun

監(かん)督(とく) • (kantoku) 

1. director, supervisor, manager, superintendent

   キューブリック監(かん)督(とく)の映(えい)画(が)

   Kyūburikku-kantoku no eiga

   film directed by Mr. Kubrick

   野(や)球(きゅう)チームの監(かん)督(とく)

   yakyū chīmu no kantoku

   manager of a baseball team

2. direction, supervision, control

   〜の監(かん)督(とく)の下(もと)に

   ~ no kantoku no moto ni

   under the direction/supervision of...

   試(し)験(けん)の監(かん)督(とく)をする

   shiken no kantoku o suru

   to supervise an exam

Synonyms

• ディレクター (direkutā, “director”)

Derived terms

• 映(えい)画(が)監(かん)督(とく) (eiga kantoku): movie director
• 監(かん)督(とく)官(かん) (kantokukan): director
• 監(かん)督(とく)教(きょう)会(かい) (kantoku kyōkai): director association
• 監(かん)督(とく)者(しゃ) (kantokusha): manager
• 現(げん)場(ば)監(かん)督(とく) (genba kantoku): field foreman
• 奴(ど)隷(れい)監(かん)督(とく) (dorei kantoku): slave driver

Related terms

• 事(じ)務(む)総(そう)長(ちょう) (jimu sōchō): head of a department; secretary general

Verb

監(かん)督(とく)する • (kantoku suru) transitive suru (stem 監(かん)督(とく)し (kantoku shi), past 監(かん)督(とく)した (kantoku shita))

1. to direct; to supervise; to manage

   子(こ)供(ども)を監(かん)督(とく)する

   kodomo o kantoku suru

   to supervise children

Conjugation

Conjugation of "監督する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	監督し	かんとくし	kantoku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	監督し	かんとくし	kantoku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	監督する	かんとくする	kantoku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	監督する	かんとくする	kantoku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	監督すれ	かんとくすれ	kantoku sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	監督せよ¹ 監督しろ²	かんとくせよ¹ かんとくしろ²	kantoku seyo¹ kantoku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	監督される	かんとくされる	kantoku sareru
Causative	監督させる 監督さす	かんとくさせる かんとくさす	kantoku saseru kantoku sasu
Potential	監督できる	かんとくできる	kantoku dekiru
Volitional	監督しよう	かんとくしよう	kantoku shiyō
Negative	監督しない	かんとくしない	kantoku shinai
Negative continuative	監督せず	かんとくせず	kantoku sezu
Formal	監督します	かんとくします	kantoku shimasu
Perfective	監督した	かんとくした	kantoku shita
Conjunctive	監督して	かんとくして	kantoku shite
Hypothetical conditional	監督すれば	かんとくすれば	kantoku sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

• “監督”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
• Ineko Kondō, Fumi Takano, Mary E. Althaus, et al. (2002), Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, third edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN
• Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
• Kitahara, Yasuo, editor (2002), 明鏡国語辞典 [Meikyō Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
監	督

Noun

監督 • (gamdok) (hangeul 감독)

1. hanja form^? of 감독 (“direction, supervision”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
監	督

Noun

監督

1. chữ Hán form of giám đốc (“director”)