落

Translingual

Han character

落 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 廿水竹口 (TEHR), four-corner 4416₄, composition ⿱艹洛)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1043, character 11
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31362
• Dae Jaweon: page 1503, character 20
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3255, character 8
• Unihan data for U+843D

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Chinese

trad.		落
simp. #		落

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
髂	*kʰraːɡs
路	*ɡ·raːɡs
輅	*ɡ·raːɡs
賂	*ɡ·raːɡs
虂	*ɡ·raːɡs
露	*ɡ·raːɡs
潞	*raːɡs
鷺	*raːɡs
璐	*raːɡs
簬	*raːɡs
簵	*ɡ·raːɡs
洛	*ɡ·raːɡ
駱	*ɡ·raːɡ
絡	*ɡ·raːɡ
酪	*ɡ·raːɡ
烙	*ɡ·raːɡ
雒	*ɡ·raːɡ
珞	*ɡ·raːɡ
硌	*ɡ·raːɡ
袼	*ɡ·raːɡ, *klaːɡ
笿	*ɡ·raːɡ
鉻	*ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
鮥	*ɡ·raːɡ
鵅	*ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
挌	*ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
落	*ɡ·raːɡ
各	*klaːɡ
胳	*klaːɡ
閣	*klaːɡ
格	*klaːɡ, *kraːɡ
擱	*klaːɡ
恪	*kʰlaːɡ
愙	*kʰaːɡ
貉	*ɡlaːɡ, *mɡraːɡ
狢	*ɡlaːɡ
佫	*ɡlaːɡ
略	*ɡ·raɡ
茖	*kraːɡ
骼	*kraːɡ
觡	*kraːɡ
蛒	*kraːɡ
敋	*kraːɡ
客	*kʰraːɡ
喀	*kʰraːɡ
揢	*kʰraːɡ
額	*ŋɡraːɡ
峉	*ŋɡraːɡ
頟	*ŋɡraːɡ
詻	*ŋɡraːɡ
垎	*ɡraːɡ
楁	*ɡraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 洛 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t (“to fall”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007):

within Sinitic, cognate to 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs, “down, below, to descend, to fall down”) , 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope";

outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”) and thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).

Schuessler attributes OC *r-, instead of expected **l-, to possible Austroasiatic influence: compare Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”) < [script needed] (-ra'ka, “to fall, below, cover from above”). However, Matisoff (2003) identifies several ST etyma which display TB *(C‑)l- vs. OC *(C‑)r‑ correspondence (e.g. *g-rjum (“salt”) → 鹽 (OC g-la:m); *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”) → 良 (OC *raŋ), etc.); so irregularities in correspondence do not necessarily indicate foreign influences.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): luò, lào, là, luō (luo⁴, lao⁴, la⁴, luo¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˋ, ㄌㄠˋ, ㄌㄚˋ, ㄌㄨㄛ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): no²

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lok⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): lok⁴

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): lau / lo̍k

  (Meixian, Guangdong): log⁶

• Northern Min (KCR): lò̤
• Eastern Min (BUC): lŏ̤h
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lo̍k / lak / lo̍h / lauh / lō͘ / làu / la̍uh

  (Teochew, Peng'im): loh⁸

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁸loq

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: luò
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: luò
    • Wade–Giles: lo⁴
    • Yale: lwò
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luoh
    • Palladius: ло (lo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu̯ɔ⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lào
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄠˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lào
    • Wade–Giles: lao⁴
    • Yale: làu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: law
    • Palladius: лао (lao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɑʊ̯⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: là
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄚˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: là
    • Wade–Giles: la⁴
    • Yale: là
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lah
    • Palladius: ла (la)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lä⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: luō
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: luo
    • Wade–Giles: lo¹
    • Yale: lwō
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lhuo
    • Palladius: ло (lo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

Note:

• luò - "drop, fall, settle";
• là - "leave behind";
• lào - "go down";
• luō - only used in 大大落落 (Mainland standard).

• (Chengdu)
  • Sichuanese Pinyin: no²
  • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lo
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /no²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: lok⁶
    • Yale: lohk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lok⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: log⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɔːk̚²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: lok⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɔk̚²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lau / lo̍k
    • Hakka Romanization System: lau / log
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lau⁴ / log⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /lau̯⁵⁵/, /lok̚⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: log⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /lɔk̚⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lò̤
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɔ⁴²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: lŏ̤h
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃oʔ⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lo̍k
    • Tâi-lô: lo̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lok
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔk̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔk̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lɔk̚⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lak
    • Tâi-lô: lak
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lag
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lak̚³²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lak̚⁵/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lo̍h
    • Tâi-lô: lo̍h
    • Phofsit Daibuun: loih
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /loʔ⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /loʔ¹²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /loʔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɤʔ⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lauh
    • Tâi-lô: lauh
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lauq
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lauʔ³²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lauʔ⁵/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lō͘
    • Tâi-lô: lōo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lɔ²²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: làu
    • Tâi-lô: làu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: laux
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lau⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lau¹¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /lau²¹/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: la̍uh
    • Tâi-lô: la̍uh
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lauh
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /lauʔ⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lauʔ¹²¹/

Note:

• lo̍k - literary;
• lak/lo̍h/lauh/lō͘/làu/lo̍h - vernacular;
• la̍uh - possibly unrelated.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: loh⁸
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lo̍h
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /loʔ⁴/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁸loq
    • MiniDict: loh^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵loq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /loʔ¹²/

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• Middle Chinese: lak

Rime
Character	落
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	鐸 (103)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	盧各切
Baxter	lak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɑk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/lɑk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/lɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lak̚/
Li Rong	/lɑk̚/
Wang Li	/lɑk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/lɑk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	luò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lok6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kə.rˤak/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	落
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	luò
Middle Chinese	‹ lak ›
Old Chinese	/*kə.rˁak/
English	fall (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	落
Reading #	1/1
No.	3880
Phonetic component	各
Rime group	鐸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	落
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·raːɡ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 落

1. to fall; to drop

   日落  ―  rìluò  ―  sunset; sundown

   • 花落知多少 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

     From: 689—740, Meng Haoran, “A Spring Day's Morning”

     huā luò zhī duōshǎo [Pinyin]

     How many are the fallen flowers?

2. to leave out
3. to leave behind
4. to lag; to fall behind
5. to be on the wane; to write down; to settle
6. (Cantonese, Southern Min) to go down; to get out of

   落船 [Guangzhou Cantonese]  ―  lok⁶ syun⁴ [Jyutping]  ―  to disembark from a boat

   落車／落车 [Guangzhou Cantonese]  ―  lok⁶ ce¹ [Jyutping]  ―  to alight; to exit a car

   落車／落车 [Hokkien]  ―  lo̍h-chhia [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to alight; to exit a car

7. (Cantonese, Southern Min) to fall down; to rain or snow

   啲雨一滴都未落佢已經喺度攞住把遮行。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   啲雨一滴都未落佢已经喺度𫽋住把遮行。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   di¹ jyu⁵ jat¹ dik¹ dou¹ mei⁶ lok⁶ keoi⁵ ji⁵ ging¹ hai² dou⁶ lo² zyu⁶ baa² ze¹ haang⁴. [Jyutping]

   He had already started to carry an umbrella before the rain even began to fall.

8. (Cantonese, Southern Min) to put in

   落味精 [Cantonese]  ―  lok⁶ mei⁶ zing¹ [Jyutping]  ―  to add MSG

9. (Cantonese) down [onto; to]

   打落地下度 [Cantonese]  ―  daa² lok⁶ dei⁶ haa^6-2 dou⁶ [Jyutping]  ―  to hit something and cause it to fall to the ground

10. to come down
11. to fall down
12. into
13. (Eastern Min) a classifier for residences

See also

• 下 (xià)
• 加 (jiā, “to add”)
• 掉 (diào)

Descendants

• → Ai-Cham: lau⁵
• → Thai: โละ (ló) (via Teochew loh⁸)
• → Vietnamese: lạc

Compounds

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

落

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. to fall
2. to leave behind
3. to drop
4. to come down

Readings

• Go-on: らく (raku, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: らく (raku, Jōyō)
• Kun: おちる (ochiru, 落ちる, Jōyō); おとす (otosu, 落とす, Jōyō); さと (sato)
• Nanori: おち (ochi)

Compounds

• 村(そん)落(らく) (sonraku, “village, hamlet”)
• 洒(しゃ)落(れ) (share, “joke”)
• 落(らく)伍(ご) (rakugo, “outcast, derelict”)
• 落(らく)城(じょう) (rakujō, “castle falldown by attacking”)
• 落(らく)葉(よう) (rakuyō, “leaves falling (mostly in Autumn)”)
• 落(らく)語(ご) (rakugo, “Japanese comic storytelling”)
• 落(らく)雪(せつ) (rakusetsu, “snow falling (to the ground from a roof or a cliff)”)
• 落(らっ)下(か) (rakka, “falling”)
• 部(ぶ)落(らく) (buraku)

 

See also

• 落(お)ちる (ochiru)

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Korean

Hanja

落 (eumhun 떨어질 락 (tteoreojil rak), word-initial (South Korea) 떨어질 낙 (tteoreojil nak))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 落 (lạc, lác, lát, nhác, rác, rạc, xạc)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.