史
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]史 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中大 (LK), four-corner 50006, composition ⿻口乂)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 173, character 3
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3249
- Dae Jaweon: page 384, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 571, character 2
- Unihan data for U+53F2
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
史 | |
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alternative forms | 㕜 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 史 | |||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) holding a fountain pen resembling 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs)
Etymology
[edit]- "to send, to employ, to cause"
- Causative derivation of 理 (OC rəʔ) "envoy (Zuo)" , "jail-official" (Guanzi), "marriage go-between", which is perhaps the same word as 理 (OC rəʔ) "to administer" (Schuessler 2007); the sense "scribe, historian" is derived from this.
- "scribe, historian"
- Possibly from Austroasiatic; Schuessler (2007) compared 理 (OC *rɯʔ), 吏 (OC *rɯs, “official”), 史 (OC *srɯʔ, “scribe, historian”), and 使 (OC *srɯʔ, *srɯs, “ambassador”) to Old Khmer re (“to move, change position”) & its derivatives Old Khmer pre (“to send, order, assign, appoint, delegate, use, employ, make”), in turn related to paṃre (“to serve; service, duty; servant, delegate, representative, minister”); with Sino-Tibetan causative *s- corresponding to Khmer causative *p-.
- Alternatively, Unger (1990) and Starostin & Peiros (1996) derived 史 (OC *srɯʔ) "scribe, secretary" from 理 (OC *rɯʔ) "to mark, to draw lines", which, while cognate with Tibetan འབྲི ('bri, “to write, to draw”), apparently never meant "to write, to record".
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): si3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): si2
- Northern Min (KCR): sǔ
- Eastern Min (BUC): sṳ̄
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5sy
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): shr3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄕˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shǐh
- Wade–Giles: shih3
- Yale: shř
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyy
- Palladius: ши (ši)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: сы (sɨ, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: si2
- Yale: sí
- Cantonese Pinyin: si2
- Guangdong Romanization: xi2
- Sinological IPA (key): /siː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: lhu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: si3
- Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ́
- Hakka Romanization System: siiˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: si3
- Sinological IPA: /sɨ³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: si2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /sz̩⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sǔ
- Sinological IPA (key): /su²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sṳ̄
- Sinological IPA (key): /sy³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sú
- Tâi-lô: sú
- Phofsit Daibuun: suo
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /su⁴¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /su⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sír
- Tâi-lô: sír
- IPA (Quanzhou): /sɯ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sí
- Tâi-lô: sí
- Phofsit Daibuun: sie
- IPA (Philippines): /si⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
Note:
- sír/sú/sí - literary;
- sái - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: se2 / su2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳ́ / sú
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɯ⁵²/, /su⁵²/
Note: su2 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.
- Middle Chinese: sriX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-rəʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*srɯʔ/
Definitions
[edit]史
- history
- (historical) court historian; scribe
- historical record; book recording history
- 正史 ― zhèngshǐ ― official historical records
- 《二十四史》 ― “èrshísìshǐ” ― Twenty-Four Histories
- a surname
Compounds
[edit]- 三史
- 二十五史
- 二十六史
- 二十四史 (Èrshísì Shǐ)
- 五代史
- 令史 (lìngshǐ)
- 仿連史紙/仿连史纸
- 佞史
- 信史 (xìnshǐ)
- 修史 (xiūshǐ)
- 儒林外史 (Rúlín Wàishǐ)
- 元史
- 元祕史/元秘史
- 內史/内史 (nèishǐ)
- 六經皆史/六经皆史
- 別史/别史 (biéshǐ)
- 刺史 (cìshǐ)
- 刺史天
- 北史 (Běishǐ)
- 南史
- 南史氏
- 口述歷史/口述历史 (kǒushù lìshǐ)
- 史不絕書/史不绝书
- 史乘
- 史冊/史册 (shǐcè)
- 史前史 (shǐqiánshǐ)
- 史前時代/史前时代 (shǐqián shídài)
- 右史
- 古史 (gǔshǐ)
- 史可法
- 史奴比 (Shǐnúbǐ)
- 史學/史学 (shǐxué)
- 史官 (shǐguān)
- 史家 (shǐjiā)
- 史密斯 (Shǐmìsī)
- 史實/史实 (shǐshí)
- 史思明
- 史懷哲/史怀哲
- 史撥尼克/史拨尼克 (si2 but6 nei4 hak1)
- 史文赫丁
- 史料 (shǐliào)
- 史晨碑
- 史書/史书 (shǐshū)
- 史游
- 史無前例/史无前例 (shǐwúqiánlì)
- 史特勞斯/史特劳斯
- 史瓦濟蘭/史瓦济兰 (Shǐwǎjìlán)
- 史祠 (Shǐcí)
- 史筆/史笔 (shǐbǐ)
- 史籀
- 史籀篇
- 史籍 (shǐjí)
- 史萊姆/史莱姆 (shǐláimǔ)
- 史蒂芬生
- 史記/史记 (Shǐjì)
- 史評/史评
- 史詩/史诗 (shǐshī)
- 史賓塞/史宾塞
- 史跡/史迹 (shǐjì)
- 史迪威 (Shǐdíwēi)
- 史通
- 史達林/史达林 (Shǐdálín)
- 史遷/史迁
- 史部
- 史鈔/史钞
- 史鑑/史鉴
- 史館/史馆
- 史魚/史鱼
- 史鰌/史鳅
- 名垂青史 (míngchuíqīngshǐ)
- 名標青史/名标青史
- 唯物史觀/唯物史观 (wéiwù shǐguān)
- 四史
- 國別史/国别史 (guóbiéshǐ)
- 國史/国史 (guóshǐ)
- 國史館/国史馆
- 地球史
- 外史 (wàishǐ)
- 大掾史
- 大柱史
- 太史 (tàishǐ)
- 太史令 (tàishǐ lìng)
- 太史公 (Tàishǐgōng)
- 女史 (nǚshǐ)
- 安史之亂/安史之乱 (Ān Shǐ Zhī Luàn)
- 宋史
- 將兵長史/将兵长史
- 小史
- 左史
- 左圖右史/左图右史 (zuǒtúyòushǐ)
- 廌史
- 御史 (yùshǐ)
- 御史大夫 (yùshǐ dàfū)
- 御史臺/御史台
- 御史雨
- 思想史 (sīxiǎngshǐ)
- 戰史/战史 (zhànshǐ)
- 才如史遷/才如史迁
- 政治史
- 教育史
- 文史 (wénshǐ)
- 文學史/文学史 (wénxuéshǐ)
- 新五代史
- 新元史
- 斷代史/断代史 (duàndàishǐ)
- 書史/书史
- 有史以來/有史以来 (yǒushǐyǐlái)
- 朝經暮史/朝经暮史
- 枕經藉史/枕经借史
- 柱下史
- 樂史/乐史
- 正史 (zhèngshǐ)
- 歷史/历史 (lìshǐ)
- 歷史劇/历史剧
- 歷史名詞/历史名词
- 歷史學/历史学 (lìshǐxué)
- 歷史小說/历史小说 (lìshǐ xiǎoshuō)
- 歷史年表/历史年表
- 歷史文學/历史文学
- 歷史時代/历史时代
- 歷史線圖/历史线图 (lìshǐ xiàn tú)
- 歷史觀/历史观 (lìshǐguān)
- 歷史語詞/历史语词
- 歷史重演/历史重演
- 民生史觀/民生史观
- 津史
- 清史稿
- 漁經獵史/渔经猎史
- 班史
- 現代史/现代史
- 琴史
- 畫史/画史
- 病史 (bìngshǐ)
- 監察御史/监察御史
- 眉史
- 瞽史 (gǔshǐ)
- 石刻史料
- 研經鑄史/研经铸史
- 硯史/砚史
- 祕史/秘史 (mìshǐ)
- 祝史
- 私史
- 稗史
- 稗官野史 (bàiguānyěshǐ)
- 穢史/秽史
- 經史子集/经史子集 (jīngshǐzǐjí)
- 經史笥/经史笥
- 經濟史觀/经济史观
- 編年史/编年史 (biānniánshǐ)
- 繡衣御史/绣衣御史
- 繹史/绎史
- 羅曼史/罗曼史 (luómànshǐ)
- 美術史/美术史 (měishùshǐ)
- 腐史
- 舊五代史/旧五代史
- 良史 (liángshǐ)
- 花史
- 荷馬史詩/荷马史诗
- 蕭史/萧史
- 藏室史
- 蘭臺令史/兰台令史
- 西洋史
- 詠史詩/咏史诗
- 詩史/诗史 (shīshǐ)
- 講史/讲史
- 豔史/艳史
- 路史
- 近世史
- 通史 (tōngshǐ)
- 連史紙/连史纸
- 野史 (yěshǐ)
- 金史
- 鐵面御史/铁面御史
- 長史/长史 (zhǎngshǐ)
- 開化史/开化史
- 雜史/杂史
- 青史 (qīngshǐ)
- 青史傳名/青史传名 (qīngshǐchuánmíng)
- 青史名留
- 青史流芳
- 青史留名
- 韻史/韵史
- 麟史 (Línshǐ)
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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史 |
Grade: 5 |
Kanji
[edit]史
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
- On: じ (ji)
- Kun: ふひと (fuhito, 史); ふびと (fubito, 史); ふみ (fumi, 史); さかん (sakan)
Proper noun
[edit]- a male given name
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 史 (MC sriX).
Historical Readings | ||
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Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄉᆞᆼ〯 (Yale: sǒ) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] | ᄉᆞ〯긧〮 (Yale: sǒkúy-s) | ᄉᆞ〯 (Yale: sǒ) |
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Compounds
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
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- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 史
- Mandarin terms with collocations
- Chinese terms with historical senses
- Literary Chinese terms with quotations
- Chinese surnames
- Japanese terms spelled with 史
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese fifth grade kanji
- Japanese kyōiku kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading し
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading し
- Japanese kanji with on reading じ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ふひと
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ふびと
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ふみ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading さかん
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese proper nouns
- Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji
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