私: difference between revisions

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Expanding, more expansion needed; MYS reference/usage example goes to 私田
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# [[stealthily]]; [[secretly]]
# [[stealthily]]; [[secretly]]
#: {{zh-x|私语|to whisper}}
#: {{zh-x|私语|to whisper}}

====Descendants====
{{CJKV||し|사|tư}}


===Compounds===
===Compounds===
Line 71: Line 74:
===Kanji===
===Kanji===
{{ja-kanji|grade=6|rs=禾02}}
{{ja-kanji|grade=6|rs=禾02}}

# [[private]], [[personal]]
# [[secret]]
# [[I]], [[me]]


====Readings====
====Readings====
Line 80: Line 79:
|goon=し
|goon=し
|kanon=し
|kanon=し
|kun=わたくし-, わたし-, ひそ-かに
|kun=あし-, あたい-, あたし-, あて-, あっし-, ひそか-, わい-, わし-, わたい-, わたくし-, わたし-, わちき-, わっし-, わて-, わらわ-<わらは-
}}
}}


====Compounds====
====Compounds====
* {{ja-r|私語|ささめごと}}
{{der-top|Compounds}}
* {{ja-r|私%愛|し%あい}}: [[favoritism]], [[partiality]]; a secret love for a woman; the woman so loved
* {{ja-r|私語く|ささやく|to [[whisper]], [[rumor#Verb|rumor]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%安 警%察|し%あん けい%さつ}}: [[private|Private]] [[police]]
* {{ja-r|私%案|し%あん}}: a [[private]] [[plan]] or [[proposal]]
* {{ja-r|私%意|し%い}}: a [[personal]] [[opinion]]; a [[bias]]; [[selfishness]]
* {{ja-r|私%稲|し%とう}}: in the Nara and Heian periods, rice plants owned by an individual rather than by the state
* {{ja-r|私%印|し%いん}}: a [[private]] [[sigil]], [[signet]], [[stamp]], or [[seal]]
* {{ja-r|私%印%偽%造|し%いん%ぎ%ぞう}}: creating a [[copy]] of someone else's sigil to [[forge]] their stamp
* {{ja-r|私%営|し%えい}}: private [[operation]], privately operated
* {{ja-r|私%営 鉄%道|し%えい てつ%どう}}: a privately operated [[railway]], private [[rails]]
* {{ja-r|私%営%田|し%えい%でん}}: in the Heian Period, fields used for large-scale private farming by powerful clans, rather than public farming by the state
* {{ja-r|私%益|し%えき}}: private or [[individual]] [[profit]] or [[gain]]
* {{ja-r|私%謁|し%えつ}}: an [[audience]] with the [[emperor]] regarding a [[private]] [[matter]]; a private rather than public request
* {{ja-r|私%怨|し%えん}}: a private [[grudge]], [[hatred]], [[ill will]]
* {{ja-r|私%恩|し%おん}}: a [[favor]] or [[duty]] owed to an individual
* {{ja-r|私%恩を売る|し%おん を うる}}: to use one's own position to get someone else to owe one a favor
* {{ja-r|私%家|し%か}}: one's own home; an individual's home, as opposed to the palace or an office
* {{ja-r|私%家%集|し%か%しゅう}}: in the Edo Period and earlier, an individual's [[collection]] or [[anthology]] of poetry
* {{ja-r|私%家%版|し%か%ばん}}: [[self-publishing]], generally without [[profit]] [[motive]] and with limited [[distribution]]; a [[private]] [[printing]] or private [[edition]]
* {{ja-r|私%学|し%がく}}: an individual's [[school]] of [[thought]]; a private [[school]], as opposed to public
* {{ja-r|私%学%校|し%がっ%こう}}: a private [[school]], as opposed to public
* {{ja-r|私%学 助%成|し%がく じょ%せい}}: [[government]] [[subsidization]] of private [[education]]
* {{ja-r|私%感|し%かん}}: one's personal [[feeling]] about something
* {{ja-r|私%間%法|し%かん%ほう}}: alternate for {{ja-r|国%際 私%法|こく%さい し%ほう}}: "conflict of laws", or "private international law"
* {{ja-r|私%企%業|し%き%ぎょう}}: [[private]] [[enterprise]]; a privately [[owned]] company
* {{ja-r|私%記|し%き}}: a private record of something
* {{ja-r|私%擬%憲%法|し%ぎ%けん%ぽう}}: a privately [[drafted]] [[constitution]], more specifically the Japanese constitution created during 1880-1887
* {{ja-r|私 義%務|し ぎ%む}}: a [[duty]] or [[obligation]] arising from [[private law]]
* {{ja-r|私%議|し%ぎ}}: [[secret]] [[criticism]], [[badmouthing]]; a personal or private opinion
* {{ja-r|私%教 類%聚|し%きょう るい%じゅう}}: Japan's oldest collection of moral instructions, written by [[w:Kibi Makibi|Kibi Makibi]] in the 700s
* {{ja-r|私%業|し%ぎょう}}: work done as an individual; work done for individual profit
* {{ja-r|私%曲|し%きょく}}: an [[unjust]] act committed solely to benefit oneself
* {{ja-r|私%金|し%きん}}: private [[money]]; money owned by an individual
* {{ja-r|私%刑|し%けい}}: a [[punishment]] [[mete]]d out by [[vigilante]] or [[mob]] [[justice]]
* {{ja-r|私%恵|し%けい}}: a private [[favor]]
* {{ja-r|私%経%済|し%けい%ざい}}: a private [[economy]]: economic dealings between private individuals or companies
* {{ja-r|私%計|し%けい}}: one's own [[thought]]s and [[opinion]]s; one's own [[scheme]]s or [[plan]]s
* {{ja-r|私%隙|し%げき}}: private [[discord]]
* {{ja-r|私%権|し%けん}}: private or personal [[right]]s
* {{ja-r|私%見|し%けん}}: a [[humble]] word ({{ja-r|謙譲語|けんじょうご}} for one's own personal [[opinion]]s
* {{ja-r|私%語|し%ご}}: a [[whisper]], [[whispering]], private [[conversation]]
* {{ja-r|私%交|し%こう}}: personal or private [[friendship]] or [[socializing]]
* {{ja-r|私%考|し%こう}}: one's own personal [[thought]]s
* {{ja-r|私%行|し%こう}}: private actions in one's own life; a secret act; going out for personal reasons; sneaking out
* {{ja-r|私バス|しバス}}: a privately operated bus
* {{ja-r|私%語く|ささ%やく}}: to [[whisper]], to [[rumor]]
{{der-bottom}}


===Etymology 1===
===Etymology 1===
{{ja-kanjitab|わたし|yomi=k}}
{{ja-kanjitab|わたし|yomi=k}}


Shift from ''watakushi'' (see below).<ref name="DJS">{{R:Daijisen}}</ref><ref name="DJR"/>
Shift from ''watakushi'' below.<ref name="DJS">{{R:Daijisen}}</ref><ref name="DJR"/>


This spelling was already prevalent in early modern times, possibly around the mid-late {{w|Muromachi period|Muromachi}} to early-{{w|Edo period}}.
This spelling was already prevalent in early modern times, possibly around the mid-late {{w|Muromachi period|Muromachi}} to early-{{w|Edo period}}.
Line 145: Line 99:
{{ja-pos|pronoun|わたし}}
{{ja-pos|pronoun|わたし}}


# {{lb|ja|polite|sort=わたし}} ''[[first-person]] [[pronoun]]'': [[I]], [[me]]
# {{lb|ja|polite|sort=わたし}} {{n-g|[[first-person]] [[pronoun]]:}} [[I]], [[me]]
#: {{ja-usex|'''私''' は イギリス人 です。|'''^わたし''' は ^イギリス-じん です。|'''I''' am British.}}
#: {{ja-usex|'''私''' は イギリス人 です。|'''^わたし''' は ^イギリス-じん です。|'''I''' am British.}}
#* '''1940''', [[w:Osamu Dazai|Osamu Dazai]], ''[[w:Run, Melos!|Run, Melos!]]''
#* {{w2|ja|太宰治}}, {{w2|ja|走れメロス|pref=『|suf=』}}
#*: {{ja-usex|「'''私''' だ、刑%吏！　殺される の は、'''私''' だ。メロス だ。彼 を 人%質 に した '''私''' は、ここ に いる！」と、かすれた 声 で 精%一ぱい に 叫びながら、つい に 磔%台 に 昇り、釣り上げられてゆく 友 の 両%足 に、齧りついた。|「'''わたし''' だ、けい%り！　ころされる の は、'''わたし''' だ。メロス だ。かれ を ひと%じち に した '''わたし''' は、ここ に いる！」と、かすれた こえ で せい%.いっぱい に さけびながら、つい に はりつ%けだい に のぼり、つりあげられてゆく とも の りょう%あし に、かじりついた。|"It's '''me''', executioner! The one who shall be killed is '''me'''. Melos. The '''me''' who held him hostage is here!" Shouting in a hoarse voice with all his strength, he grabbed the legs of his friend who was already hoisted onto the cross.|ref=[http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000035/files/1567_14913.html]}}
#*: {{ja-usex|「'''私''' だ、刑%吏！　殺される の は、'''私''' だ。メロス だ。彼 を 人%質 に した '''私''' は、ここ に いる！」と、かすれた 声 で 精%一ぱい に 叫びながら、つい に 磔%台 に 昇り、釣り上げられてゆく 友 の 両%足 に、齧りついた。|「'''わたし''' だ、けい%り！　ころされる の は、'''わたし''' だ。メロス だ。かれ を ひと%じち に した '''わたし''' は、ここ に いる！」と、かすれた こえ で せい%.いっぱい に さけびながら、つい に はりつ%けだい に のぼり、つりあげられてゆく とも の りょう%あし に、かじりついた。|"It's '''me''', executioner! The one who shall be killed is '''me'''. Melos. The '''me''' who held him hostage is here!" Shouting in a hoarse voice with all his strength, he grabbed the legs of his friend who was already hoisted onto the cross.|ref=[http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000035/files/1567_14913.html]}}
#* {{quote-av|ja|2016|actor={{w|Ryunosuke Kamiki}}|title={{wj|君の名は。}}|trans-title={{w|Your Name|your name.}}|writer={{w|Makoto Shinkai}}|role=Mitsuha Miyamizu}}
#* {{quote-av|ja
#*: {{ja-usex|お前さあ、どうやったら通%学で道に迷えんだよ？|^おまえ さあ、どう やったら つう%がく で みち に まよえん だ よ？|How did you get lost on your way to school?}}{{ja-usex|あぁ…えっと…'''私'''…|^あぁ… ^えっと… '''^わたし'''…|Um… Well… '''I'''…}}
|2016
|actor={{w|Ryunosuke Kamiki}}
|title={{wj|君の名は。}}
|trans-title={{w|Your Name|your name.}}
|writer={{w|Makoto Shinkai}}
|role=Mitsuha Miyamizu}}
#*: {{ja-usex|お前さあ、どうやったら通%学で道に迷えんだよ？|^おまえ さあ、どう やったら つう%がく で みち に まよえん だ よ？|How did you get lost on your way to school?}}{{ja-usex|あぁ…えっと…'''私'''…|^あぁ… ^えっと… '''^わたし'''…|Um… Well… I…}}

{{ja-altread|hira=わたす}}

# {{lb|ja|dialectal|sort=わたす}} [[I]]; [[me]]
#* {{quote-book|ja
|||{{wj|六三四の剣|[六](ム)[三](サ)[四](シ)の[剣](けん)}}
||166
|last=Murakami
|first=Motoka
|authorlink=Motoka Murakami
|chapter={{lj|[嵐](らん)[子](こ)[再](ふたた)びの[巻](まき)}}
|trans-chapter=Reunite with Ranko
|trans-title={{w|Musashi no Ken|Musashi’s Sword}}
|genre=fiction
|edition=18th
|location=Tokyo
|publisher=Shogakukan
|date=Feb 20 1987
|origdate=Nov 15 1982
|volume=7
|isbn=4-09-120637-9}}
#*: {{ja-usex|'''わたす'''…轟　嵐%子！|'''^わたす'''… ^とどろき　^らん%こ！|Ah’m… Todoroki Ranko!}}
#* {{quote-book|ja
|||{{wj|六三四の剣|[六](ム)[三](サ)[四](シ)の[剣](けん)}}
||170
|last=Murakami
|first=Motoka
|authorlink=Motoka Murakami
|chapter={{lj|[５](ご)[年](ねん)[前](まえ)の[誓](ちか)いの[巻](まき)}}
|trans-chapter=An Oath Five Years Ago
|trans-title={{w|Musashi no Ken|Musashi’s Sword}}
|genre=fiction
|edition=18th
|location=Tokyo
|publisher=Shogakukan
|date=Feb 20 1987
|origdate=Nov 15 1982
|volume=7
|isbn=4-09-120637-9}}
#*: {{ja-usex|六%三%四、今すぐ'''わたす'''と勝%負しろ‼|^ム%サ%シ、いますぐ '''わたす''' と しょう%ぶ しろ‼|Musashi, ah challenge you to a duel!!|lit=Musashi, settle with me right now!!}}


=====Usage notes=====
=====Usage notes=====
''Watashi'' is the usual polite term for referring to oneself.
''Watashi'' is the usual polite term for referring to oneself.

=====Derived terms=====
* {{ja-r|私%達|わたし%-たち}}
* {{ja-r|わたす}}
* {{ja-r|あたし}}

=====Coordinate terms=====
{{Japanese first-person pronouns}}

=====See also=====
{{der-top4|See also}}
* {{ja-r|俺|おれ}}
* {{ja-r|小%生|しょう%せい}}
* {{ja-r|小%職|しょう%しょく}}
* {{ja-r|朕|ちん}}
* {{ja-r|僕|ぼく}}
* {{ja-r|余|よ}}
* {{ja-r|我|われ}}
* {{ja-r|儂|わし}}
{{der-bottom}}


===Etymology 2===
===Etymology 2===
{{ja-kanjitab|わたくし|yomi=k}}
{{ja-kanjitab|わたくし|yomi=k}}


From {{inh|ja|ojp|sort=わたくし|私|tr=watakusi}}. Found in the ''{{w|Man'yōshū}}'' poetry collection of 759 {{CE}}.<ref>{{RQ:Manyoshu|7|1275}}, text available online [http://jti.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/manyoshu/Man7Yos.html#1275 here]</ref>
From {{inh|ja|ojp|sort=わたくし|私|tr=watakusi}}.


A surface analysis suggests a [[Appendix:Glossary#compound|compound]] term. However, no likely [[etyma]] are known.
A surface analysis suggests a [[Appendix:Glossary#compound|compound]] term. However, no likely [[etyma]] are known.
Line 220: Line 148:
{{ja-noun|わたくし}}
{{ja-noun|わたくし}}


# a [[personal]] [[matter]]
# a [[personal]] or [[private]] [[matter]]
# [[selfishness]]
# {{lb|ja|by extension}} [[selfishness]]
#: {{syn|ja|自分勝手|tr=jibun katte|私利私欲|tr2=shiri shiyoku}}
#: {{syn|ja|自分勝手|tr=jibun katte|私利私欲|tr2=shiri shiyoku}}
# a [[private]] matter


=====Derived terms=====
=====Derived terms=====
{{der-top}}
{{der-top}}
* {{ja-r|私する|わたくし する}}: to [[appropriate]], [[embezzle]], [[use]] for personal purposes
* {{ja-r|私する|わたくしする|to [[appropriate]], [[embezzle]], [[use]] for [[personal]] [[purpose]]s}}
* {{ja-r|私 雨|わたくし あめ}}: a [[sudden]] [[rain shower]] falling in just a small area
* {{ja-r|私 雨|わたくし あめ|[[sudden]] [[rain shower]] falling in just a small area}}
* {{ja-r|私 軍|わたくし いくさ|rom=-}}, {{ja-r|私 戦|わたくし いくさ}}: a private [[feud]]
* {{ja-r|私 軍|わたくし いくさ|rom=-}}, {{ja-r|私 戦|わたくし いくさ|private [[feud]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%銀|わたくし%がね|rom=-}}, {{ja-r|私金|わたくし%がね}}: personal money, secret [[savings]], a [[financial]] [[nest egg]]
* {{ja-r|私%銀|わたくし%がね|rom=-}}, {{ja-r|私金|わたくし%がね|personal money, secret [[savings]], [[financial]] [[nest egg]]}}
* {{ja-r|私 戦|わたくし たたかい}}: a private [[feud]]
* {{ja-r|私 戦|わたくし たたかい|private feud}}
* {{ja-r|私 戯|わたくし たわぶれ}}: [[chat up|chatting up]] a go-between or [[mediator]], as an aside to the main issue being mediated
* {{ja-r|私 戯|わたくし たわぶれ|[[chat up|chatting up]] a go-between or [[mediator]], as an aside to the main issue being mediated}}
* {{ja-r|私%共|わたくし%ども}}, {{ja-r|私%共|わたし%ども}}: {{m|ja|謙譲語|tr=kenjōgo|pos=humble word for "we" or "us"}}
* {{ja-r|私%共|わたくし%ども|rom=-}}, {{ja-r|私%共|わたし%ども|pos=humble word for “we” or “us”}}
{{der-bottom}}
{{der-bottom}}


Line 239: Line 166:
{{ja-pos|pronoun|わたくし}}
{{ja-pos|pronoun|わたくし}}


# {{lb|ja|formal|sort=わたくし}} ''[[first-person]] [[pronoun]]'': [[I]], [[me]]
# {{lb|ja|formal|sort=わたくし}} {{n-g|[[first-person]] [[pronoun]]:}} [[I]], [[me]]


=====Usage notes=====
=====Usage notes=====
''Watakushi'' is the formal term, only used in certain circumstances, such as by TV announcers or public figures such as politicians. Conversely, it is too formal for casual conversation for men, where terms like {{m|ja|俺|tr=ore}} are preferred.
''Watakushi'' is the formal term, only used in certain circumstances, such as by TV announcers or public figures such as politicians. Conversely, it is too formal for casual conversation for men, where terms like {{m|ja|俺|tr=ore}} are preferred.


====Verb====
=====Derived terms=====
{{ja-verb-suru|わたくし}}
* {{ja-r|私|わたし|linkto=}}
* {{ja-r|私%達|わたくし%-たち}}

* {{ja-r|あたくし}}
# to [[privatize]], especially to [[appropriate]] something [[public]] and [[secure]] it for [[personal]] [[use]]:
## to [[misappropriate]]
## to [[embezzle]]
## to [[abuse]] the [[power]] of a public [[office]] or [[institution]] for personal gain


===Etymology 3===
===Etymology 3===
{{ja-kanjitab|あたし|yomi=k}}
{{ja-kanjitab|yomi=o|し}}
{{IPAchar|/si/}} → {{IPAchar|/ɕi/}}


From {{der|ja|ltc|sort=し|-}} {{ltc-l|私}}.
Shift from ''watashi'' (see above).<ref name="DJS"/><ref name="DJR"/>


====Pronunciation====
====Affix====
{{ja-pron|あたし|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}}
{{ja-pos|affix|し}}


# [[personal]], [[private]]
====Pronoun====
# [[secret]]
{{ja-pos|pronoun|あたし|アタシ}}


=====Derived terms=====
# {{lb|ja|colloquial|women's speech|sort=あたし}} ''[[first-person]] [[pronoun]]'': [[I]], [[me]]
{{der-top3}}
* {{ja-r|私%愛|し%あい|[[favoritism]], [[partiality]]; a secret love for a woman; the woman so loved}}
* {{ja-r|私%安%警%察|し%あん%-けい%さつ|[[private]] [[police]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%案|し%あん|[[private]] [[plan]] or [[proposal]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%意|し%い|[[personal]] [[opinion]]; [[bias]]; [[selfishness]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%印|し%いん|[[private]] [[sigil]], [[signet]], [[stamp]], or [[seal]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%印%偽%造|し%いん%ぎ%ぞう|creating a [[copy]] of someone else's sigil to [[forge]] their stamp}}
* {{ja-r|私%営|し%えい|private [[operation]], privately [[operated]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%営 鉄%道|し%えい てつ%どう|privately-operated [[railway]], private [[rails]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%営%田|し%えい%でん}}: in the Heian Period, fields used for large-scale private farming by powerful clans, rather than public farming by the state
* {{ja-r|私%益|し%えき|private or [[individual]] [[profit]] or [[gain]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%謁|し%えつ|[[audience]] with the [[emperor]] regarding a [[private]] [[matter]]; a private rather than public request}}
* {{ja-r|私%怨|し%えん|private [[grudge]], [[hatred]], [[ill will]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%恩|し%おん|[[favor]] or [[duty]] owed to an individual}}
* {{ja-r|私%家|し%か|one's own home; an individual's home, as opposed to the palace or an office}}
* {{ja-r|私%家%集|し%か%しゅう}}: in the Edo Period and earlier, an individual's [[collection]] or [[anthology]] of poetry
* {{ja-r|私%家%版|し%か%ばん|[[self-publishing]], generally without [[profit]] [[motive]] and with limited [[distribution]]; [[private]] [[printing]] or private [[edition]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%学|し%がく|individual's [[school]] of [[thought]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%学%校|し%がっ%こう|[[private school]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%学 助%成|し%がく じょ%せい|[[government]] [[subsidization]] of private [[education]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%感|し%かん|one's personal [[feeling]] about something}}
* {{ja-r|私%間%法|し%かん%ほう|conflict of laws; private international law}}
* {{ja-r|私%企%業|し%き%ぎょう|[[private]] [[enterprise]]; privately-[[owned]] company}}
* {{ja-r|私%記|し%き|private record of something}}
* {{ja-r|私%擬%-憲%法|し%ぎ%けん%ぽう|privately [[drafted]] [[constitution]]|pos=more specifically the Japanese constitution created during 1880-1887}}
* {{ja-r|私 義%務|し ぎ%む|[[duty]] or [[obligation]] arising from [[private law]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%議|し%ぎ|[[secret]] [[criticism]], [[badmouthing]]; personal or private opinion}}
* {{ja-r|私%教%類%聚|し%きょう%-るい%じゅう|pos=Japan's oldest collection of moral instructions, written by [[w:Kibi Makibi|Kibi Makibi]] in the 700s}}
* {{ja-r|私%業|し%ぎょう|work done as an individual; work done for individual profit}}
* {{ja-r|私%曲|し%きょく|[[unjust]] act committed solely to benefit oneself}}
* {{ja-r|私%金|し%きん|private [[money]]; money owned by an individual}}
* {{ja-r|私%刑|し%けい|[[punishment]] [[mete]]d out by [[vigilante]] or [[mob]] [[justice]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%恵|し%けい|private [[favor]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%経%済|し%けい%ざい|private [[economy]]: economic dealings between private individuals or companies}}
* {{ja-r|私%計|し%けい|one's own [[thought]]s and [[opinion]]s; one's own [[scheme]]s or [[plan]]s}}
* {{ja-r|私%隙|し%げき|private [[discord]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%権|し%けん|private or personal [[right]]s}}
* {{ja-r|私%見|し%けん|pos=[[humble]] word for “one's own personal [[opinion]]s”}}
* {{ja-r|私%語|し%ご|[[whisper]], [[whispering]], private [[conversation]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%交|し%こう|personal or private [[friendship]] or [[socializing]]}}
* {{ja-r|私%考|し%こう|one's own personal [[thought]]s}}
* {{ja-r|私%行|し%こう|private actions in one's own life; secret act; going out for personal reasons; sneaking out}}
* {{ja-r|私%田|し%でん}}
* {{ja-r|私%稲|し%とう}}: in the Nara and Heian periods, rice plants owned by an individual rather than by the state
* {{ja-r|私%法|し%ほう}}
{{der-bottom}}

====Noun====
{{ja-noun|し}}

# a [[personal]] or [[private]] [[matter]]

=====Derived terms=====
* {{ja-r|私バス|しバス|privately operated [[bus]]}}


===Etymology 4===
===Etymology 4===
{{ja-kanjitab|わらわ|yomi=k}}
{{ja-kanjitab|わたい|yomi=i}}
{{ja-see|わたい}}


===Etymology 5===
From {{m|ja|童|tr=warawa||[[young]] [[child]], especially one who does errands}}.
{{ja-kanjitab|わて|yomi=i}}
{{ja-see|わて}}


====Pronoun====
===Etymology 6===
{{ja-pos|pronoun|わらわ|hhira=わらは}}
{{ja-kanjitab|わし|yomi=i}}
{{ja-see|儂}}


===Etymology 7===
# {{alt sp|ja|妾|tr=warawa|nodot=1|sort=わらわ}}: ''[[first-person]] [[pronoun]]'': [[I]], [[me]]
{{ja-kanjitab|わい|yomi=i}}
{{ja-see|わい}}


===Coordinate terms===
===Etymology 8===
{{ja-kanjitab|あたし|yomi=i}}
{{Japanese first-person pronouns}}
{{ja-see|あたし}}


===See also===
===Etymology 9===
* {{ja-r|俺|おれ}}
{{ja-kanjitab|あたくし|yomi=i}}
* {{ja-r|小%生|しょう%せい}}
{{ja-see|あたくし}}

* {{ja-r|小%職|しょう%しょく}}
===Etymology 10===
* {{ja-r|朕|ちん}}
{{ja-kanjitab|あっし|yomi=i}}
* {{ja-r|僕|ぼく}} {{q|generally used by males}}
* {{ja-r|余|よ}}
{{ja-see|あっし}}

* {{ja-r|我|われ}}
===Etymology 11===
* {{ja-r|儂|わし}}
{{ja-kanjitab|あたい|yomi=i}}
{{ja-see|あたい}}

===Etymology 12===
{{ja-kanjitab|あて|yomi=i}}
{{ja-see|あて}}

===Etymology 13===
{{ja-kanjitab|わらわ|yomi=i}}
{{ja-see|妾}}


===References===
===References===
Line 301: Line 297:


# [[private]], [[personal]]
# [[private]], [[personal]]

----

==Old Japanese==

===Etymology===
{{rfe|ojp|sort=わたくし}}

===Noun===
{{head|ojp|noun|tr=watakusi|kana|わたくし|sort=わたくし}}

# a [[personal]] or [[private]] [[matter]]

====Derived terms====
* {{m|ojp|私田|tr=watakusida}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|ja|私|tr=watakushi, watashi}}


----
----

Revision as of 20:25, 29 January 2020

See also: 厶

Template:character info/new

Translingual

Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character

私 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+2, 7 strokes, cangjie input 竹木戈 (HDI), four-corner 22930, composition ⿰禾厶)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 849, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24913
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1271, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2589, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+79C1

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 私
alternative forms 厶 ancient and 2nd round simp.

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (厶) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
私 *sil
厶 *sil

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sil) : semantic 禾 (“grain”) + phonetic 厶 (OC *sil) – private grain or field.

Displaced the original form 厶.

Pronunciation

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Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 私

  1. self; personal; private
    私人  ―  sīrén  ―  personal
    私有  ―  sīyǒu  ―  private
  2. selfish
    自私  ―  zìsī  ―  selfish
  3. (Classical, humble) first-person pronoun: I; me
  4. illegal or secret goods
    走私  ―  zǒusī  ―  to smuggle
  5. stealthily; secretly
    私语  ―  sīyǔ  ―  to whisper

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (私):
  • → Japanese: 私(し) (shi)
  • → Korean: 사(私) (sa)
  • → Vietnamese: tư (私)

Compounds

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(deprecated template usage)

Japanese

Kanji

私

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
私
わたし
Grade: 6
kun'yomi

Shift from watakushi below.[1][2]

This spelling was already prevalent in early modern times, possibly around the mid-late Muromachi to early-Edo period.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

私(わたし) • (watashi) 

  1. (polite) first-person pronoun: I, me
    私(わたし)はイギリス人(じん)です。
    Watashi wa Igirisu-jin desu.
    I am British.
    • 1940, Osamu Dazai, Run, Melos!
      「私(わたし)だ、刑(けい)吏(り)！　殺(ころ)されるのは、私(わたし)だ。メロスだ。彼(かれ)を人(ひと)質(じち)にした私(わたし)は、ここにいる！」と、かすれた声(こえ)で精(せい)一(いっ)ぱいに叫(さけ)びながら、ついに磔(はりつ)台(けだい)に昇(のぼ)り、釣(つ)り上(あ)げられてゆく友(とも)の両(りょう)足(あし)に、齧(かじ)りついた。[1]
      “Watashi da, keiri! Korosareru no wa, watashi da. Merosu da. Kare o hitojichi ni shita watashi wa, koko ni iru!” to, kasureta koe de seiippai ni sakebinagara, tsui ni haritsukedai ni nobori, tsuriagerareteyuku tomo no ryōashi ni, kajiritsuita.
      "It's me, executioner! The one who shall be killed is me. Melos. The me who held him hostage is here!" Shouting in a hoarse voice with all his strength, he grabbed the legs of his friend who was already hoisted onto the cross.
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 828: Parameter 2 is not used by this template.
      お前(まえ)さあ、どうやったら通(つう)学(がく)で道(みち)に迷(まよ)えんだよ？
      Omae sā, dō yattara tsūgaku de michi ni mayoen da yo?
      How did you get lost on your way to school?
      あぁ…えっと…私(わたし)…
      Ā… Etto… Watashi…
      Um… Well… I…
Usage notes

Watashi is the usual polite term for referring to oneself.

Derived terms
Coordinate terms
Japanese first-person pronouns

Japanese first-person pronouns by speakers and situations according to Yuko Saegusa, Concerning the First Personal Pronoun of Native Japanese Speakers (2009)

First-person pronouns by elementary school pupils (2008)
Speaker Situation 1 2 3
Female To friends うち (uchi) 49% First name 26% あたし (atashi) 15%
In the family First name 33% あたし (atashi) 29% うち (uchi) 23%
In a class わたし (watashi) 86% あたし (atashi) 7% うち (uchi) 6%
To an unknown visitor わたし (watashi) 75% あたし (atashi), first name, うち (uchi) 8% each
To the class teacher わたし (watashi) 66% First name 13% あたし (atashi) 9%
Male To friends おれ (ore) 72% ぼく (boku) 19% First name 4%
In the family おれ (ore) 62% ぼく (boku) 23% うち (uchi) 6%
In a class ぼく (boku) 85% おれ (ore) 13% First name, nickname 1% each
To an unknown visitor ぼく (boku) 64% おれ (ore) 26% First name 4%
To the class teacher ぼく (boku) 67% おれ (ore) 27% First name 3%
First-person pronouns by university students (2009)
Speaker Situation 1 2 3
Female To friends うち (uchi) 39% あたし (atashi) 30% わたし (watashi) 22%
In the family あたし (atashi) 28% First name 27% うち (uchi) 18%
In a class わたし (watashi) 89% あたし (atashi) 7% 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 3%
To an unknown visitor わたし (watashi) 81% あたし (atashi) 10% 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 6%
To the class teacher わたし (watashi) 77% あたし (atashi) 17% 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 7%
Male To friends おれ (ore) 87% うち (uchi) 4% わたし (watashi), 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 2% each
In the family おれ (ore) 88% ぼく (boku), 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 5% each
In a class わたし (watashi) 48% 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 28% ぼく (boku) 22%
To an unknown visitor ぼく (boku) 36% 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 29% わたし (watashi) 22%
To the class teacher 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 38% ぼく (boku) 29% わたし (watashi) 22%
See also
See also

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
私
わたくし
Grade: 6
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese 私 (watakusi).

A surface analysis suggests a compound term. However, no likely etyma are known.

  • From 我 (wa, “I, me”) + takusi: although the first element seems likely, the original meaning of watakushi was private, as opposed to public, with no first-person pronoun usage until later.
  • From wata + kusi: the only phonetic matches are 綿 (wata, “cotton; cotton batting”), 腸 (wata, “guts, one's innards”, likely derived from the "batting" sense), 海 (wata, “the sea, the ocean”) + 串 (kusi, “skewer”), 奇し (kusi, “magic, fantastic, supernatural”, adjective), 酒 (kusi, “alcoholic beverage”, likely derived from the "magic" sense), 櫛 (kusi, “a comb”).
  • From wataku + si: no such word wataku appears to exist.

The meaning evolved over time from private or privatization, to refer to things that are personal, to refer to one's own person, and then finally to serve as a generic first-person pronoun. The full form watakushi is still used in modern Japanese as a formal, highly polite first-person pronoun. The abbreviated form watashi is now the most common and neutrally polite first-person pronoun.

Pronunciation

Noun

私(わたくし) • (watakushi) 

  1. a personal or private matter
  2. (by extension) selfishness
    Synonyms: 自分勝手 (jibun katte), 私利私欲 (shiri shiyoku)
Derived terms
Derived terms

Pronoun

私(わたくし) • (watakushi) 

  1. (formal) first-person pronoun: I, me
Usage notes

Watakushi is the formal term, only used in certain circumstances, such as by TV announcers or public figures such as politicians. Conversely, it is too formal for casual conversation for men, where terms like 俺 (ore) are preferred.

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
私
し
Grade: 6
on'yomi

/si/ → /ɕi/

From Middle Chinese 私 (MC sij).

Affix

私(し) • (shi) 

  1. personal, private
  2. secret
Derived terms
Derived terms

Noun

私(し) • (shi) 

  1. a personal or private matter
Derived terms

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
私
わたい
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry: わたい

(The following entry is uncreated: わたい.)

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
私
わて
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry: わて

(The following entry is uncreated: わて.)

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
私
わし
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
【儂わし】H
[pronoun] (mainly Western Japan) I, me
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling (more common) of the above term.)

Etymology 7

Kanji in this term
私
わい
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
【わい】
[pronoun] (dialect, Kansai, Kagoshima; or Internet slang) I, me (first-person pronoun, mainly used by males)
[pronoun] you (second-person pronoun, used when addressing an equal or inferior)
[particle] (dated or dialectal) A particle used in the end of sentences to indicate admiration or emotion. Slightly stronger than わ (wa).
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 8

Kanji in this term
私
あたし
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
【あたし】
[pronoun] (chiefly women's speech) first person singular pronoun: I, me
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 9

Kanji in this term
私
あたくし
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
【あたくし】
[pronoun] more polite form of あたし (atashi)
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 10

Kanji in this term
私
あっし
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
【あっし】
[pronoun] [from 1908] first person singular pronoun: I, me
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 11

Kanji in this term
私
あたい
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
【あたい】
[pronoun] (informal) first-person pronoun: I, me
[pronoun] (Kagoshima, dialect) first-person pronoun: I, me
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 12

Kanji in this term
私
あて
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
【あて】
[pronoun] (Kansai, feminine, dated) I; me
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 13

Kanji in this term
私
わらわ
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry: 妾

(The following entry is uncreated: 妾.)

References

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

私 • (sa) (hangeul 사, McCune–Reischauer sa, Yale sa)

  1. private, personal

Old Japanese

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

私 (watakusi) (kana わたくし)

  1. a personal or private matter

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Japanese: 私 (watakushi, watashi)

Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 私 (tư, tây)

  1. private, personal
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