Appendix:German cognates with English/Regular cognates with differing consonant values/Proto-Germanic Unvoiced Stop Consonants
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Proto-Germanic Unvoiced Stop Consonants
[edit]Proto-Germanic *k
[edit]The correspondences for *k are somewhat complicated as both German and English exhibit two kinds of changes from *k. In German, *k can remain k or become ch (/x/), while in English, *k can remain k or become ch (/tʃ/).
German ch ~ English ch /tʃ/, tch /tʃ/
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-(West) Germanic ancestor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bach [m] | beach | stream | bæċ, beċe |
*bakiz | |
bleich | bleach | pale, wan, sallow |
blǣċ | *blaikaz | |
Bruch [m] | breach | breach, crack, fracture |
briċe, bryċe |
*brukiz | |
Buche [f] | beech | beech | bēċe | ||
Dach [n] | thatch | roof | *þaką | ||
reichen; reichte; (ge)reicht |
reach; reached; reached |
to last, to pass sth. to so., to reach, to suffice |
rǣċan | *raikijaną | |
solch- (det.) | such | such | swylc, swilċ |
*swalīkaz | |
Sprache [f] | speech | language, speech |
spǣċ | *sprāku | |
Teich [m] | ditch | pond | dīċ | *dīkaz | |
wachen; wachte; (ge)wacht |
watch; watched; watched |
to be awake, to watch over so./sth. |
wæċċan, weċċan |
*wakjaną | |
welch- (det.) | which | which | hwilċ | *hwilīkaz |
German ch ~ English ck, k
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bache [f] | back | sow | bæc | bak | *baką |
bleich | bleak | pale, wan, sallow |
blāc, blǣc |
*blaikaz | |
brauchen; brauchte; (ge)braucht |
brook; brooked; brooked |
to need, to require, to use |
brūcan | *brūkaną | |
brechen; brach; (ge)brochen |
break; broke; broken |
break | brecan | *brekaną | |
Bruch [m] | brook | swamp, marsh |
brōc | *brōkaz | |
Buch [n] | book | book | bōc | bók | *bōks |
Eiche [f] | oak | oak | āc | eik | *aiks |
frech | freak | brash, cheeky, insulting |
freca | *frekô | |
gleich | alike | same, very similar |
ġelīc | líkr | *galīkaz |
Habich(t) [m] | hawk | hawk | haukr | *habukaz | |
Joch [n] | yoke | yoke | ioc, ġioc, ġeoc |
*juką | |
Knoche(n) [m] | knuck(le) | bone | *knukô | ||
kochen; kochte; (ge)kocht |
cook; cooked; cooked |
to boil, to cook |
*kukōną | ||
krachen; krachte; (ge)kracht |
crack; cracked; cracked |
to crash, to crack, to creak |
cracian | *krakōną | |
Kuchen [m] | cake | cake | ceace | kaka | *kakǭ |
Lache [f] | lake | pool | lacu | lœkr | *lakō, *lōkiz |
Lauch [m] | leek | leek, allium |
lēac | laukr | *laukaz |
Lerche [f] | lark (bird) | lark (bird) | lāwerce | *laiwarikǭ | |
Milch [f] | milk | milk | meolc | mjǫlk | *meluks |
milchig | milky | milky | |||
rächen; rächte; (ge)rächt |
wreak; wrought/wreaked; wrought/wreaked |
to avenge, to take revenge |
wrecan | reka | *wrekaną |
Rechen [m] | rake | rake, grill |
racu, raca |
rǫk, reka |
*rakō, *rekô |
rechnen; rechnete; (ge)rechnet |
reckon; reckoned; reckoned |
to calculate, to reckon |
*rekanōną | ||
riechen; roch; (ge)rochen |
reek; reeked; reeked |
to smell | rēocan | rjúka | *reukaną |
Sache [f] | sake | matter, cause |
sacu | sǫk | *sakō |
Sichel | sickle | sickle | sicol | ||
sprechen; sprach; (ge)sprochen |
speak; spoke; spoken |
to speak | specan | *sprekaną | |
Storch [m] | stork | stork | storc | storkr | *sturkaz |
Streich [m] | stroke | stroke | *straikaz | ||
streichen; strich; (ge)strichen |
strike; struck; struck/stricken |
to stroke | strīcan | *strīkaną | |
streich(el)n; streich(el)te; (ge)streich(el)t |
stroke; stroked; stroked |
to stroke, to pet, to fondle |
strācian | *straikōną | |
Strich [m] | streak | stroke, line |
strica | *strikiz | |
tauchen; tauchte; (ge)taucht |
duck; ducked; ducked |
to dive | *dūkaną | ||
weich | weak | weak, soft |
wāc | veikr | *waikwaz |
Woche [f] | week | week | wice, wicu |
vika | *wikǭ |
Zeichen [n] | token | sign | tācn | teikn | *taikną |
German ck, k ~ English ch /tʃ/, tch /tʃ/
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Ge)bäck [n] | batch | pastry | bæċ, beċe |
*bakiz | |
Bank [f] | bench | bench | benċ | *bankiz | |
Birke [f] | birch | birch | bierċe, birċe |
*birkijǭ | |
Carl/Karl (proper name) | churl | ċeorl | *karilaz | ||
Fink [m] | finch | finch | finċ | *finkiz | |
hecken; heckte; (ge)heckt |
hatch; hatched; hatched |
to hatch, to give birth to |
|||
Käfer [m] | chafer | beetle | ċeafor | ||
Kaff | chaff | chaff | ċeaf | *kafą | |
karg | chary | meager, barren, poor |
ċeariġ | *karagaz | |
Karn (surname) | churn | ċyrn | *kernǭ | ||
kauen; kaute; (ge)kaut |
chew; chewed; chewed |
to chew | ċēowan | *kewwaną | |
Kehre [f] | chore | U-turn | |||
(er)kiesen; (er)kor; (er)koren |
choose (sb); chose; chosen |
select (sb) (usage note: the present form is very rare) | *keusaną | ||
Kinn [n] | chin | chin | ċinn | *kinnuz | |
Krücke [f] | crutch | crutch | cryċċ, criċċ |
*krukjō | |
Kühle [f] | chill | coolness | ċele, ċiele, ċyle |
*kaliz | |
(Ge)stank [m] | stench | stench, odor, smell |
stenċ | *stankwiz | |
strecken; streckte; (ge)streckt |
stretch; stretched; stretched |
to stretch | *strakjaną | ||
Stück [n] | stitch | piece | styċċe | *stukkiją | |
tränken; tränkte; (ge)tränkt |
drench; drenched; drenched |
to water | drenċan | *drankijaną | |
zwicken; zwickte; (ge)zwickt |
twitch; twitched; twitched |
to pinch | *twikkijaną |
Proto-Germanic *p
[edit]German f, ff ~ English p
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affe [m] | ape | monkey, ape |
apa | api | *apô |
auf | up | on, upon, up |
ūp, upp |
upp | *upp |
greifen; griff; (ge)griffen |
grip; gripped; gripped |
to grab, to grip, to take effect |
grīpan | grípa | *grīpaną |
Harfe [f] | harp | harp | hearpe | harpa | *harpǭ |
Haufen [m] | heap | heap | hēap | *haupaz | |
helfen; half; (ge)holfen |
help; holp/helped; holpen/helped |
to help | helpan | hjalpa | *helpaną |
Hilfe [f] | help | help | help | hjalp | *helpō |
hoffen; hoffte; (ge)hofft |
hope; hoped; hoped |
to hope | hopian | Proto-West Germanic *hopōn | |
Hüf(t)e [f] | hip | hip | hype | *hupiz | |
laufen; lief; (ge)laufen |
leap; leapt/leaped; leapt/leaped |
to walk, to run |
hlēapan | *hlaupaną | |
laufen; lief; (ge)laufen |
lope; loped; loped |
to walk, to run |
hlaupa | *hlaupaną | |
Löff(el) | lap; lapped; lapped |
spoon | |||
offen | open | open | open | opinn | *upanaz |
raufen; raufte; (ge)rauft |
rip; ripped; ripped |
to scuffle, to tuffle |
*ruppōną | ||
reif | ripe | mature, ripe |
rīpe | ||
Saf(t) [m] | sap | juice | sæp | *sapą | |
saf(t)ig | sappy | juicy | sæpiġ | ||
schaffen; schuf; (ge)schaffen |
shape; shope/shaped; shapen/shaped |
to accomplish sth., to manage, to cope with sth. |
sċieppan | *skapjaną | |
scharf | sharp | sharp; hot, spicy (food) |
sċarp, sċearp |
*skarpaz | |
Schiff [n] | ship | ship | sċip | *skipą | |
Seife | soap | soap | sāpe | *saipǭ | |
stief- (prefix) | step- (prefix) | step- (prefix) | stēop- (prefix), stēp- (prefix) |
stjúp- (prefix) | *steupa- (prefix) |
tief | deep | deep | dēop | djúpr | *deupaz |
Waffe [f] | weapon | weapon | wǣpen | *wēpną | |
werfen; warf; (ge)worfen |
warp; warped; warped |
to throw | weorpan | *werpaną |
German pf ~ English p
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognates | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apfel [m] | apple | apple | æppel | *aplaz | |
hüpfen; hüpfte; (ge)hüpft |
hop; hopped; hopped |
to hop | hoppian | hoppa | *huppōną |
Kropf [m] | crop | crop, goitre |
cropp | *kruppaz | |
Pfad [m] | path | path | pæþ | *paþaz | |
pflegen; pflegte; (ge)pflegt |
play; played; played |
to groom, to nurse, to tend so./sth. |
plegian | *plehaną | |
Pflug [m] | plough/plow | plow | plōh | *plōgaz | |
pflücken; pflückte; (ge)pflückt |
pluck; plucked; plucked |
to pluck, to pick |
plukka, plokka |
*plukkōną | |
Pfuhl [m] | pool | quagmire, mudhole |
pōl | *pōlaz | |
Rumpf [m] | rump | hull, torso, trunk |
|||
stampfen; stampfte; (ge)stampft |
stamp; stamped; stamped |
to stamp | |||
stampfen; stampfte; (ge)stampft |
stomp; stomped; stomped |
to stamp | |||
stapfen; stapfte; (ge)stapft |
step; stepped; stepped |
to trudge | stæppan, steppan |
*stapjaną | |
stopfen; stopfte; (ge)stopft |
stop; stopped; stopped |
to stoff, to plug, to darn (sewing) |
stoppian | *stuppōną | |
Stumpf [m] | stump | stump | *stumpaz | ||
tapfer | dapper | brave, plucky |
dapr | *dapraz | |
Tropfe(n) [m] | drop | drop | dropa | dropi | *drupô |
tropfen; tropfte; (ge)tropft |
drip; dripped; dripped |
to drop; to drip |
|||
tröpf(el)n; tröpf(el)te; (ge)tröpf(el)t |
drip; dripped; dripped |
to drip |
Proto-Germanic *t
[edit]German s, ss, ß ~ English t, tt
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
aus | out | out, out of, from |
ūt | út | *ūt |
beißen; biss; (ge)bissen |
bite; bit; bitten |
to bite | bītan | bíta | *bītaną |
besser (adj.); besser- (prefix) |
better | better | betera | betri | *batizô |
Binse | bent | bent (grass), rush (grass) |
Proto-West Germanic *binut | ||
bloß | bloat | mere; bare; nude |
blautr | *blautaz | |
das | that | that | þæt | þat | *þat |
dass | that | that | þæt | þat | *þat |
Einguss | ingot | in-pouring; sprue |
*geutaną | ||
essen; aß; (geg)essen |
eat; ate; eaten |
to eat (of a person) | etan | eta | *etaną |
Fass [n] | vat | barrel, keg, drum, cask, vat |
fæt | fat | *fatą |
fressen; fraß; (ge)fressen |
fret; frate/fretted; fretten/fretted |
to eat (of an animal) | fretan | *fraetaną | |
Fuß [m]; Füße |
foot; feet |
foot | fōt | fótr | *fōts |
Gosse [f] | gote | gutter | |||
Grieß [m] | grit | semolina | grēot | grjót | *greutą |
groß | great | big, huge, large |
grēat | *grautaz | |
grüßen; grüßte; (ge)grüßt |
greet; greeted; greeted |
greet | grētan | *grōtijaną | |
Hass [m] | hate | hate | hete | hatr | *hataz |
hassen; haste; (ge)hasst |
hate; hated; hated |
to hate | hatian | hata | *hatāną |
Hornisse [f] | hornet | hornet | hyrnet | *hurznutō | |
Kessel [m] | kettle | kettle | ketill | *katilaz | |
Kloß [m] | clod | lump, dumpling |
clūd; clūt, clod |
*klūtaz | |
Kloß [m] | cloud | lump, dumpling |
clūd; clūt, clod |
*klūtaz | |
lassen; ließ; (ge)lassen |
let; let; let |
to let | lǣtan | láta | *lētaną |
Los [n] | lot | lot, fate |
hlot | hlutr | *hlutą |
messen; maß; (ge)messen |
mete; meted; meted |
to measure | metan | meta | *metaną |
Nuss [f] | nut | nut | hnutu | hnot | *hnuts |
reißen; riss; (ge)rissen |
write; wrote; written |
to tip, to tear |
wrītan | rita | *wrītaną |
(Ge)säß | seat | backside, buttocks |
|||
scheißen; schiss; (ge)schissen |
shit; shitted; shitted |
to shit | sċītan | skíta | *skītaną |
schießen; schoss; (ge)schossen |
shoot; shot; shot |
to shoot | sċēotan | *skeutaną | |
schmeißen; schmiss; (ge)schmissen |
smite; smote; smitten/smited |
to throw | smītan | *smītaną | |
Schweiß [m] | sweat | sweat | swāt | *swait- | |
Sessel [m] | settle | chair | setl | sjǫtull | *setlaz |
sitzen; saß; (ge)sessen |
sit; sat; sitten/sat |
to sit | sittan | sitja | *sitjaną |
spießen; spießte; (ge)spießt |
spit; spitted; spitted |
to skewer, to spear |
spitu | *spitō | |
vergessen; vergaß; vergessen |
forget; forgot; forgotten |
to forget | forgietan | Proto-West Germanic *fragetan | |
was | what | what | hwæt | *hwat | |
Wasser [n] | water | water | wæter | *watōr | |
Zwielicht [n] | twilight | twilight, dusk |
German tz, z ~ English t, tt
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beize | bait | mordant; marinade |
beita | *baitō | |
Filz | felt | felt | felt | *felt | |
furzen; furzte; (ge)furzt |
fart; farted; farted |
to fart | freta, frata |
*fertaną | |
grunzen; grunzte; (ge)grunzt |
grunt; grunted; grunted |
to grunt | grunnettan | *grunnatjaną | |
Herz [n] | heart | heart | heorte | hjarta | *hertô |
Hitze [f] | heat | heat | hǣte | *haitį̄ | |
Kauz | kite (bird) | barn owl, screech owl |
cȳta | *kūtijô | |
Milz | milt | spleen, milt |
milt, milte |
*meltǭ | |
ritzen; ritzte; (ge)ritzt |
write; wrote; written |
to scratch | wrītan | rita | *wrītaną |
Salz [n] | salt | salt | salt, sealt |
salt | *saltą |
Schmutz | smut | filth, dirt, smut |
|||
schmutzig | smutty | filthy, dirty, smutty |
|||
Schürze [f] | shirt | apron | sċyrte | *skurtijǭ | |
Schürze [f] | skirt | apron | skyrta | *skurtijǭ | |
setzen; setzte; (ge)setzt |
set; set; set |
to place, to put, to set, to sit down |
settan | setja | *satjaną |
sitzen; saß; (ge)sessen |
sit; sat; sitten/sat |
to sit | sittan | sitja | *sitjaną |
Stelze [f] | stilt | stilt | |||
stürzen; stürzte; (ge)stürzt |
start; started; started |
to fall down, to dash, to throw |
*sturtijaną | ||
Sülze | silt | brine | |||
Warze [f] | wart | wart | wearte | *wartǭ | |
Weize(n) [m] | wheat | wheat | hwǣte | *hwaitijaz | |
Witz [m] | wit | joke | witt | *witją | |
witzig | witty | funny, humorous |
wittiġ | ||
Wurz(el) [f] | wort | root | wyrt | *wrōts | |
zäh | tough | chewy, tough |
tōh | *tanhuz | |
Zahl [f] | tale | number, figure |
talu | tala | *talō |
zählen; zählte; (ge)zählt (cf. erzählen: to tell) |
tell; told; told |
to count | tellan | telja | *taljaną |
zahm | tame | tame | tam | tamr | *tamaz |
Zange [f] | tong | pliers, pincers, tongs |
tange | tǫng | |
zart | tart | delicate, tender |
teart | ||
Zaum [m] | team | bridle | tēam | taumr | *taumaz |
Zaun [m] | town | fence | tūn | tún | *tūną |
Zecke [f] | tick | tick | |||
Zeh [m] | toe | toe | tā | tá | *taihwǭ |
zehn | ten | ten | tīen | *tehun | |
zehren; zehrte; (ge)zehrt |
tear; tore; torn |
to live on sth. | teran | *teraną | |
Zeichen [n] | token | sign | tācn | teikn | *taikną |
Zeit [f] | tide | time | tīd | *tīdiz | |
zeitig | tidy | seasonal, timely |
|||
zerren; zerrte; (ge)zerrt |
tear; tore; torn |
to tug, to drag sth., to wrench |
teran | *teraną | |
Zeug [n] | toy | stuff, things |
*teugą | ||
Ziel | til/till | goal | til | *tilą | |
zielen; zielte; (ge)zielt |
till; tilled; tilled |
to aim | tilian | *tilōną | |
Zimmer [n] | timber | room | timber | timbr | *timrą |
Zinn [n] | tin | tin | tin | tin | *tiną |
Zinne [f] | tine | merlon, roof terrace |
tind | *tindaz | |
Zitze [f] | tit | tit (of an animal) | |||
zu | to | to, too |
tō | *tō, *ta | |
zu | too | to, too |
tō | *tō, *ta | |
zucken; zuckte; (ge)zuckt |
tuck; tucked; tucked |
to jerk | tucian | *tukkōną | |
Zunder [m] | tinder | tinder | tynder | *tundrą | |
Zunge [f] | tongue | tongue | tunge | tunga | *tungǭ |
Zweig [m] | twig | twig | twīg | *twīgą | |
zwei | two | two | twā | *twai | |
zwicken; zwickte; (ge)zwickt |
twitch; twitched; twitched |
to pinch | *twikkijaną | ||
zwingen, zwang, (ge)zwungen |
twinge, twinged, twinged |
to force | *twangijaną | ||
zwink(er)n; zwink(er)t; (ge)zwink(er)t |
twink(le); twink(le)d; twink(le)d |
to blink, to wink |
|||
Zwist [m] | twist | turmoil, strife, discord |
|||
zwölf | twelve | twelve | twelf | *twalif |