民主

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Chinese

[edit]
the people; nationality; citizen
to own; to host; master
to own; to host; master; lord; primary
 
simp. and trad.
(民主) 		民 主

Etymology

[edit]

In Classical Chinese, 民主 meant "sovereign", as in 民之主, or "ruler of the people". This was repurposed in the mid-1860s to mean "democracy", "democratic" during the translation of the book Elements of International Law.

Pronunciation

[edit]
Rime
Character 民 主
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4) 章 (23)
Final (韻) 眞 (43) 虞 (24)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open Closed
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 彌鄰切 之庾切
Baxter mjin tsyuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/miɪn/ /t͡ɕɨoX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/min/ /t͡ɕioX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/mjen/ /t͡ɕioX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/min/ /cuə̆X/
Li
Rong 		/miĕn/ /t͡ɕioX/
Wang
Li 		/mĭĕn/ /t͡ɕĭuX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/mi̯ĕn/ /t͡ɕi̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		mín zhǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		man4 zyu2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 民 主
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		mín zhǔ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ mjin › ‹ tsyuX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mi[ŋ]/ /*toʔ/
English people master; host

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 民 主
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 9130 17618
Phonetic
component 		民 主
Rime
group 		眞 侯
Rime
subdivision 		1 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		民 主
Old
Chinese 		/*min/ /*tjoʔ/

Noun

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民主

  1. democracy
    全過程人民民主／全过程人民民主  ―  quán guòchéng rénmín mínzhǔ  ―  whole-process people's democracy
    普及科學與民主，根子在教育。 [MSC, trad.]
    普及科学与民主，根子在教育。 [MSC, simp.]
    Pǔjí kēxué yǔ mínzhǔ, gēnzi zài jiàoyù. [Pinyin]
    Education is at the root of the popularization of science and democracy.
  2. (Classical) monarch
  3. (Classical) functionary; official

Synonyms

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Adjective

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民主

  1. democratic
    民主協商／民主协商  ―  mínzhǔ xiéshāng  ―  democratic consultation
    人民民主專政／人民民主专政  ―  rénmín mínzhǔ zhuānzhèng  ―  people's democratic dictatorship

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • → Zhuang: minzcuj

Proper noun

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民主

  1. (～村) Minzhu (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)

Japanese

[edit]
Kanji in this term
民 主
みん
Grade: 4 		しゅ
Grade: 3
goon kan'on

Etymology

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From Sinitic 民主 (mínzhǔ). Purposed in China in the mid-1860s, giving the word a new meaning, during the translation of the book Elements of International Law into Chinese.[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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民(みん)主(しゅ) • (minshu) 

  1. democracy

Synonyms

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Derived terms

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ Chen, Sheng Bao (1996 December 17) “中国語の中の日本語 (Chinese Borrowings from the Japanese Language), paper presented at the Japanese Language Research Forum held by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎[1] (in Japanese), International Research Center for Japanese Studies, archived from the original on 10 September 2012: “古代漢語のことばを利用して訳したものだが、本来の意味とは違うもの。...「民主」”
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja in this term
民主

Noun

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民主 • (minju) (hangeul 민주)

  1. hanja form? of 민주 (“democracy”)

Vietnamese

[edit]
chữ Hán Nôm in this term
民主

Noun

[edit]

民主

  1. chữ Hán form of dân chủ (“democracy”).

Adjective

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民主

  1. chữ Hán form of dân chủ (“democratic”).
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