強

See also: 强 and 彊

Translingual

Japanese	強
Simplified	强
Traditional	強

Han character

強 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈中戈 (NILI), four-corner 1323₆, composition ⿰弓𧈧 or ⿸弘虫)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 359, character 23
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9815
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 999, character 7
• Unihan data for U+5F37

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Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 強
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (強) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
繈	*kaŋʔ
襁	*kaŋʔ
膙	*kaŋʔ
鏹	*kaŋʔ
勥	*ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ
強	*ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ

Zhengzhang (2003): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 弘 (OC *ɡʷɯːŋ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).

The character 強 likely originally referred to the rice weevil, an insect that attacks rice and several other crops, before being phonetically borrowed to represent the sense of "strong; powerful", which was previously represented by the character 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ).

Pronunciation 1

trad.		強/强
simp.		强
alternative forms		彊

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qiáng (qiang²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): koeng⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khiòng

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kiong²

• Eastern Min (BUC): giòng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiûⁿ / kiông / kiâng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kiang⁵ / gion⁵ / giên⁵

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶jian

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qiáng
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ciáng
    • Wade–Giles: chʻiang²
    • Yale: chyáng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyang
    • Palladius: цян (cjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: koeng⁴
    • Yale: kèuhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: koeng⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: kêng⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœːŋ²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiòng
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiongˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kiong²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kiong²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰiɔŋ¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: giòng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyoŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiûⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: kiûnn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kviuu
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kiũ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiông
    • Tâi-lô: kiông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kioong
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kiɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ²³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiâng
    • Tâi-lô: kiâng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiaang
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ¹³/

Note:

• kiûⁿ - vernacular;
• kiông/kiâng - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: kiang⁵ / gion⁵ / giên⁵
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiâng / kiôⁿ / kiêⁿ
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵/, /kĩõ⁵⁵/, /kĩẽ⁵⁵/

Note:

• kiang5 - "strong", "forceful";
• gion5/giên5 - "superior, better" (giên5 - Chaozhou).

• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁶jian
    • MiniDict: jian^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³jjian
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /d͡ʑiã²³/

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• Middle Chinese: gjang

Rime
Character	強
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	巨良切
Baxter	gjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/ɡiaŋ/
Wang Li	/ɡĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	koeng4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	強
Reading #	1/2
No.	10318
Phonetic component	强
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	強
Old Chinese	/*ɡaŋ/
Notes	彊省聲而非弘聲， 通借爲彊

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 強

1. strong; powerful; energetic
2. to strengthen
3. staunch; strong-willed
4. brutal; forceful

   強拖乘客下機 [MSC, trad.]
   强拖乘客下机 [MSC, simp.]

   From: 2017

   qiángtuō chéngkè xiàjī [Pinyin]

   to forcefully drag a passenger off the plane

5. capable; of a high level
6. superior; better
7. slightly more than; plus
   • 四分之一強／四分之一强  ―  sì fēnzhī yī qiáng  ―  a bit more than a fourth
8. final contestants in a competition; finalist

Synonyms

• (strong): (literary) 鴻／鸿 (hóng)

Antonyms

• 弱 (ruò)

Pronunciation 2

trad.		強/强
simp.		强
alternative forms		彊

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qiǎng (qiang³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): koeng⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khiòng / khióng

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kiong² / giong³

• Eastern Min (BUC): giōng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kióng / kiáng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): giang² / kiang⁵

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶jian

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qiǎng
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ciǎng
    • Wade–Giles: chʻiang³
    • Yale: chyǎng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: cheang
    • Palladius: цян (cjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: koeng⁵
    • Yale: kéuhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: koeng⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: kêng⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœːŋ¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiòng / khióng
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiongˇ / kiong`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kiong² / kiong³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/, /kʰi̯oŋ³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kiong² / giong³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰiɔŋ¹¹/, /kiɔŋ³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: giōng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyoŋ³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kióng
    • Tâi-lô: kióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiorng
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiáng
    • Tâi-lô: kiáng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiarng
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ⁵³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: giang² / kiang⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiáng / khiâng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiaŋ⁵²/, /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁶jian
    • MiniDict: jian^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³jjian
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /d͡ʑiã²³/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 強

1. to force; to compel; to coerce

   勉強／勉强  ―  miǎnqiǎng  ―  to force somebody to do something

2. to strive

Pronunciation 3

trad.		強/强
simp.		强
alternative forms		犟 勥 彊

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiàng (jiang⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): goeng⁶
• Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): kiong²
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiōng / kiāng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): giang⁶ / kiang⁵

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiàng
    • Wade–Giles: chiang⁴
    • Yale: jyàng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianq
    • Palladius: цзян (czjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: goeng⁶
    • Yale: geuhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: goeng⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: gêng⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kœːŋ²²/
• Hakka
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kiong²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰiɔŋ¹¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng
    • Tâi-lô: kiōng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiong
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kiɔŋ²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ³³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiāng
    • Tâi-lô: kiāng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiang
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ²²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: giang⁶ / kiang⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiăng / khiâng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiaŋ³⁵/, /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: gjangX

Rime
Character	強
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	其兩切
Baxter	gjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨɐŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiɐŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiɑŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gɨaŋX/
Li Rong	/ɡiaŋX/
Wang Li	/ɡĭaŋX/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯aŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	goeng6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaŋʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	強
Reading #	2/2
No.	10319
Phonetic component	强
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	勥
Old Chinese	/*ɡaŋʔ/
Notes	彊字注或體

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 強

1. ^† hard; stiff
2. stubborn; obstinate
3. a surname

Pronunciation 4

For pronunciation and definitions of 強 – see 勥 (“to compel; valiant; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 勥).

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

強

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. strong
2. powerful
3. potent

Readings

• Go-on: ごう (gō, Jōyō)^{←がう (gau, historical)}
• Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)^{←きやう (kyau, historical)}
• Tō-on: がん (gan)
• Kun: つよい (tsuyoi, 強い, Jōyō); しいる (shiiru, 強いる, Jōyō)^{←しひる (sifiru, 強ひる, historical)}; つよまる (tsuyomaru, 強まる, Jōyō); つよめる (tsuyomeru, 強める, Jōyō)

Compounds

Derived terms

• 頑(がん)強(きょう) (gankyō)
• 強(きょう)圧(あつ) (kyōatsu)
• 強(きょう)化(か) (kyōka)
• 強(きょう)悍(かん) (kyōkan)
• 強(こう)諫(れん) (kōren)
• 強(きょう)顔(がん) (kyōgan)
• 強(きょう)幹(かん)弱(じゃく)枝(し) (kyōkanjakushi)
• 強(きょう)記(き) (kyōki)
• 強(きょう)禦(ぎょ) (kyōgyo)
• 強(きょう)圉(ぎょ) (kyōgyo)
• 強(きょう)肩(けん) (kyōken)
• 強(きょう)健(けん) (kyōken)
• 強(きょう)権(けん) (kyōken)
• 強(きょう)固(こ) (kyōko)
• 強(きょう)行(こう) (kyōkō)
• 強(きょう)攻(こう) (kyōkō)
• 強(きょう)硬(こう) (kyōkō)
• 強(きょう)梗(こう) (kyōkō)
• 強(きょう)豪(ごう) (kyōgō)
• 強(きょう)行(こう)軍(ぐん) (kyōkōgun)
• 強(きょう)仕(し) (kyōshi)
• 強(きょう)死(し) (kyōshi)
• 強(きょう)志(し) (kyōshi)
• 強(きょう)弱(じゃく) (kyōjaku)

• 強(きょう)襲(しゅう) (kyōshū)
• 強(きょう)恕(じょ) (kyōjo)
• 強(きょう)靭(じん) (kyōjin)
• 強(きょう)制(せい) (kyōsei)
• 強(きょう)請(せい) (kyōsei)
• 強(きょう)僭(せん) (kyōsen)
• 強(きょう)壮(そう) (kyōsō)
• 強(きょう)大(だい) (kyōdai)
• 強(きょう)調(ちょう) (kyōchō)
• 強(きょう)弩(ど) (kyōdo)
• 強(きょう)忍(にん) (kyōnin)
• 強(きょう)迫(はく) (kyōhaku)
• 強(きょう)迫(はく)観(かん)念(ねん) (kyōhakukannen)
• 強(きょう)半(はん) (kyōhan)
• 強(きょう)風(ふう) (kyōfū)
• 強(きょう)弁(べん) (kyōben)
• 強(きょう)暴(ぼう) (kyōbō)
• 強(きょう)要(よう) (kyōyō)
• 強(きょう)梁(りょう) (kyōryō)
• 強(きょう)力(りょく) (kyōryoku, “brute strength”)
• 強(きょう)烈(れつ) (kyōretsu)
• 屈(くっ)強(きょう) (kukkyō)
• 堅(けん)強(きょう) (kenkyō)
• 牽(けん)強(きょう) (kenkyō)

• 件(けん)強(きょう) (kenkyō)
• 強(ごう)引(いん) (gōin)
• 強(ごう)姦(かん) (gōkan)
• 強(ごう)情(じょう) (gōjō)
• 強(ごう)訴(そ) (gōso)
• 強(ごう)奪(だつ) (gōdatsu)
• 強(ごう)談(だん) (gōdan)
• 強(ごう)談(だ)威(に)迫(はく) (gōdanihaku)
• 強(ごう)盗(とう) (gōtō)
• 強(こわ)飯(めし) (kowameshi)
• 強(ごう)欲(よく) (gōyoku)
• 強(ごう)力(りき)犯(はん) (gōrikihan)
• 強(つよ)強(つよ) (tsuyotsuyo)
• 強(こわ)談(だん)判(ぱん) (kowadanpan)
• 強(こわ)面(もて) (kowamote)
• 強(つよ)気(き) (tsuyoki)
• 強(つよ)腰(ごし) (tsuyogoshi)
• 強(つよ)吟(ぎん) (tsuyogin)
• 富(ふ)強(きょう) (fukyō)
• 勉(べん)強(きょう) (benkyō)
• 補(ほ)強(きょう) (hokyō)
• 列(れっ)強(きょう) (rekkyō)

Proper noun

強(つよし) or 強(proper) • (tsuyoshi or proper) [[Category:Japanese
|つよし]]

1. a male given name

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Korean

Hanja

強 (eumhun 강하다 강 (ganghada gang))

1. Hanja form^? of 강 (“strong”).

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Vietnamese

Han character

強: Hán Việt readings: cường, cưỡng
強: Nôm readings: càng, cượng, cướng, gắng, cường, gàn, ngượng, cưỡng, gương, gượng, gàng

Compounds

• 強國 (cường quốc)

Adverb

強 • (càng)

1. With a comparative or verb phrase, establishes a parallel with one or more other such comparatives.
   • 18th–19th century: Hồ Xuân Hương, "Vịnh quạt" [1][2]

     強(càng)燶(nóng)包(bao)饒(nhiêu)辰(thời)強(càng)沫(mát)/要(yêu)店(đêm)諸(chưa)斐(phỉ)吏(lại)要(yêu)𣈜(ngày)

     The hotter you get, the more refreshing you get / It wasn’t enough to love at night, now we love during the day.

2. all the more, all the less

References

• Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
• Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
• Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
• Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999