Appendix:Turkish suffixes

Main category: Turkish suffixes

General suffixes

• Plural: -l²r
  • -ler, -lar
• Negative: -m²
  • -me, -ma (see also § Verbal suffixes)
• Predicative:
  • Present:
    • 1st person singular: -(y)⁴m
      • -im, -ım, -üm, -um / -yim, -yım, -yüm, -yum
    • 2nd person singular: -s⁴n
      • -sin, -sın, -sün, -sun
    • 3rd person singular: -t/d⁴r
      • -tir, -tır, -tür, -tur / -dir, -dır, -dür, -dur
    • 1st person plural: -(y)⁴z
      • -iz, -ız, -üz, -uz / -yiz, -yız, -yüz, -yuz
    • 2nd person plural: -s⁴n⁴z
      • -siniz, -sınız, -sünüz, -sunuz
    • 3rd person plural: -t/d⁴rl²r or l²r-d²r
      • -tirler, -tırlar, -türler, -turlar / -dirler, -dırlar, -dürler, -durlar
      • -lerdir, -lardır
        • Note that 3rd person form is frequently reduced to -l²r (ler/lar) and singular form is dropped. The -d⁴r suffix is more commonly used to indicate definiteness, possibility or assumption.
  • Past: -(y)t/d⁴
    • -ti, -tı, -tü, -tu / -di, -dı, -dü, -du / -ydi, -ydı, -ydü, -ydu
  • Inferential: -(y)m⁴ş
    • -miş, -mış, -müş, -muş / -ymiş, -ymış, -ymüş, -ymuş
  • Conditional: -(y)s²
    • -se, -sa / -yse, -ysa

Nominal suffixes

When preceding vowel-ending suffixes; the final consonants -ç, -k, -p, and -t are voiced to -c, -ğ, -b, and -d, but there are a few nouns which do not follow this voicing rule. Some nominals like oğul elide their last vowel and change their stems before vowel-starting suffixes, like this: oğl- (This still follows the vowel harmony from the elided last vowel.) A few nouns like rol and hâl follow irregular front vowel harmony instead of last vowel. Some nominals like hal may double their final consonant. This depends on their etymology.

Su and ne are the only nominals taking -y- before all vowel-starting suffixes (suyun, suyu; not *sunun, *susu).

Case suffixes

• Accusative: -(y)⁴
  • -i, -ı, -ü, -u / -yi, -yı, -yü, -yu
• Dative: -(y)²
  • -e, -a / -ye, -ya
• Locative: -t/d²
  • -te, -ta / -de, -da
• Ablative: -t/d²n
  • -ten, -tan / -den, -dan
• Genitive: -(n)⁴n
  • -in, -ın, -ün, -un / -nin, -nın, -nün, -nun
• Instrumental: -(y)l²†
  • -le, -la / -yle, -yla

† Some have included the instrumental case, but traditionally is not considered a grammatical case due to its status as an enclitic. In templates like {{tr-infl-noun-c}}, the instrumental is not included.

Possessive suffixes

The plurals listed are technically compounds of 2 suffixes - the plural suffix followed by the regular possessive suffix.

• 1st person singular: -(⁴)m

  -im, -ım, -üm, -um / -m

  -lerim, -larım

• 1st person plural: -(⁴)m⁴z

  -imiz, -ımız, -ümüz, -umuz / -miz, -mız, -müz, -muz

  -lerimiz, -larımız

• 2nd person singular: -(⁴)n

  -in, -ın, -ün, -un / -n

  -lerin, -ların

• 2nd person plural or formal: -(⁴)n⁴z

  -iniz, -ınız, -ünüz, -unuz / -niz, -nız, -nüz, -nuz

  -leriniz, -larınız

• 3rd person singular: -(s)⁴

  -i, -ı, -ü, -u / -si, -sı, -sü, -su

  -leri, -ları

• 3rd person plural:

  -leri, -ları

Verbal suffixes

Like the above section, certain last consonants of the stem are voiced, but only for verbs etmek and gitmek. In the future tense, -k- is voiced to -ğ- before vowel-starting endings (geleceğim, but geleceksin).

• Infinitive: -m²k
  • -mek, -mak
• Verbal noun: -m²
  • -me, -ma
• Potential: -(y)²bil
  • -ebil, -abil / -yebil, -yabil
• Impotential: -(y)²m²
  • -eme, -ama / -yeme, -yama

Converbs

• “Verb and then”: -(y)⁴p
  • -ip, -ıp, -üp, -up / -yip, -yıp, -yüp, -yup
• “by verbing” / “verbingly”: -(y)²r²k
  • -erek, -arak / -yerek, -yarak
• “as soon as verb”: -(y)⁴nc²
  • -ince, -ınca, -ünce, -unca / -yince, -yınca, -yünce, -yunca

Personal markers

Predicative

Used by remaining tenses other than past, conditional, optative, and imperative, negative, and impotential aorist.

• 1st person singular: -(y)⁴m
  • -im, -ım, -üm, -um / -yim, -yım, -yüm, -yum
• 2nd person singular: -s⁴n
  • -sin, -sın, -sün, -sun
• 3rd person singular: -∅
• 1st person plural: -(y)⁴z
  • -iz, -ız, -üz, -uz / -yiz, -yız, -yüz, -yuz
• 2nd person plural: -s⁴n⁴z
  • -siniz, -sınız, -sünüz, -sunuz
• 3rd person plural: -l²r
  • -ler, -lar

Negative and impotential aorist

• 1st person singular: -m²m
  • -mem, -mam
• 2nd person singular: -m²zs⁴n
  • -mezsin, -mazsın
• 3rd person singular: -m²z
  • -mez, -maz
• 1st person plural: -m²y⁴z
  • -meyiz, -mayız
• 2nd person plural: -m²zs⁴n⁴z
  • -mezsiniz, -mazsınız
• 3rd person plural: -m²zl²r
  • -mezler, -mazlar

Impotential aorist: -yemem, -yemezsin, ... (-ye- + negative aorist marker)

Verbal

Used by past and conditional tenses.

• 1st person singular: -m
  • -m
• 2nd person singular: -n
  • -n
• 3rd person singular: -∅
• 1st person plural: -k
  • -k
• 2nd person singular: -n⁴z
  • -niz, -nız, -nüz, -nuz
• 3rd person singular: -l²r
  • -ler, -lar

Optative

• 1st person singular: -(y)²y⁴m
  • -eyim, -ayım / -yeyim, -yayım
• 2nd person singular: -(y)²s⁴n
  • -esin, -asın / -yesin, -yasın
• 3rd person singular: -(y)²
  • -e, -a / -ye, -ya
• 1st person plural: -(y)²l⁴m
  • -elim, -alım / -yelim, -yalım
• 2nd person singular: -(y)²s⁴n⁴z
  • -esiniz, -asınız / -yesiniz, -yasınız
• 3rd person singular: -(y)²l²r
  • -eler, -alar / -yeler, -yalar

Imperative

Missing forms were supplied by optative.

• 2nd person singular: -∅
• 3rd person singular: -s⁴n
  • -sin, -sın, -sün, -sun
• 2nd person plural: -(y)⁴n
  • -in, -ın, -ün, -un / -yin, -yın, -yün, -yun
• 2nd person formal: -(y)⁴n⁴z
  • -iniz, -ınız, -ünüz, -unuz / -yiniz, -yınız, -yünüz, -yunuz
• 3rd person plural: -s⁴nl²r
  • -sinlar, -sınlar, -sünlar, -sunlar

Tenses

In verbs demek and yemek, stems changed from -e- to -i- before imperfective, future, optative, and imperative (diyor, diyecek). In verbs with vowel-ending stems, the last vowel is deleted in imperfective and replaced with vowel harmony from stem's second-to-last vowel. In aorist, the change from (⁴)r to (²)r is somewhat unpredictable, see also the usage notes at -er.

• Aorist: -(²)r/(⁴)r
  • -er, -ar / -ir, -ır, -ür, -ur / -r
• Negative aorist: -m²z
  • -mez, -maz
• Impotential aorist: -(y)²m²z
  • -emez, -amaz / -yemez, -yamaz
• Imperfective: -⁴yor
  • -iyor, -ıyor, -üyor, -uyor
• Past: -t/d⁴
  • -ti, -tı, -tü, -tu / -di, -dı, -dü, -du
• Future: -(y)²c²k
  • -ecek, -acak / -yecek, -yacak
• Inferential perfective: -m⁴ş
  • -miş, -mış, -müş, -muş
• Conditional: -s²
  • -se, -sa
• Progressive: -m²kt²
  • -mekte, -makta
• Necessitative: -m²l⁴
  • -meli, -malı
• Optative: -(y)²
  • -e, -a / -ye, -ya
• Imperative: -∅

Compound suffixes

See also at #General suffixes

Agreement between compound suffixes and simple tenses

	Story	Rumor	Conditional
Aorist
Imperfective
Past
Future
Inferential
Conditional
Progressive
Necessitative
Optative
Imperative

Derivational suffixes

Noun-forming

• -ç/c⁴
  • -çi, -çı, -çü, -çu / -ci, -cı, -cü, -cu
• -l⁴k
  • -lik, -lık, -lük, -luk

Verb-forming

• -l²
  • -le, -la

Adjective-forming

• -l⁴
  • -li, -lı, -lü, -lu
• -s⁴z
  • -siz, -sız, -süz, -suz
• -s²l
  • -sel, -sal

Adverb-forming

• -ç²/c²
  • -ce, -ca / -çe, -ça