囝
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]囝 (Kangxi radical 31, 囗+3, 6 strokes, Cangjie input 田弓木 (WND), four-corner 60407, composition ⿴囗子)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 216, character 24
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4688
- Dae Jaweon: page 422, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 713, character 7
- Unihan data for U+56DD
Chinese
[edit]Glyph origin
[edit]Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 囗 + 子 (“child; son”). Compare 囡.
Etymology 1
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
囝 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 仔 子 | |
Min dialectal word for “son; child”. Substrate borrowing, cognate with Proto-Mon-Khmer *kuun (“child, son”) (Vietnamese con, Khmer កូន (koun)) (Schuessler, 2007). Likely related to 昆 (OC *kuːn, “descendants”) (ibid.).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gin2 / zai2
- Northern Min (KCR): gṳ̌ing
- Eastern Min (BUC): giāng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gyor3 / goe3 / gua3 / ga3 / gyann3 / gann3 / giann3 / gyorng3 / gyoeng3 / gieng3
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎn
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎn
- Wade–Giles: chien3
- Yale: jyǎn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jean
- Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gin2 / zai2
- Yale: gín / jái
- Cantonese Pinyin: gin2 / dzai2
- Guangdong Romanization: gin2 / zei2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiːn³⁵/, /t͡sɐi̯³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note:
- gin2 - literary;
- zai2 - vernacular.
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gṳ̌ing
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyiŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: giāng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiaŋ³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gyor3
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: giô̤ⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyɒ⁴⁵³/
- (Jiangkou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: goe3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kœ⁴⁵³/
- (Nanri)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gua3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kua⁴⁵³/
- (Nanri)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: ga3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ka⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou, Youyang)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gyann3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kỹã³³²/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gann3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kã³³²/
- (Fengting)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: giann3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kĩã³³²/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gyorng3
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: giô̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyɒŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gyoeng3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyøŋ³³²/
- (Fengting)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gieng3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kieŋ³³²/
- (Putian)
Note:
- gyor3/goe3/gua3/ga3/gyann3/gann3/giann3 - vernacular;
- gyorng3/gyoeng3/gieng3 - literary, a face-to-face address to one's son in traditional opera.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong, Singapore, Philippines)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Lukang, Sanxia, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: káⁿ
- Tâi-lô: kánn
- Phofsit Daibuun: kvar
- Sinological IPA (Lukang): /kã⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /kã⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kióaⁿ
- Tâi-lô: kiuánn
- Sinological IPA (Longyan): /kiuã²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kaⁿ
- Tâi-lô: kann
- Phofsit Daibuun: kvaf
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kã⁴⁴/
Note:
- kiáⁿ/káⁿ/kióaⁿ - vernacular;
- kaⁿ - vernacular, limited (e.g. 橄欖孫);
- kián - literary.
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*kranʔ/
Definitions
[edit]囝 (Min)
- son
- 郎罷別囝，吾悔生汝。及汝既生，人勸不舉。不從人言，果獲是苦。囝別郎罷，心摧血下。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: ca. 8th century, Gu Kuang, 《囝》 (Son) [written in the ancient Min dialect].
Note: This poem was referring to the slavery system at the time in the Min area. The son had been forcibly castrated and was soon to be taken as a slave in a rich household. - Lángbà bié jiǎn, wú huǐ shēng rǔ. Jí rǔ jì shēng, rén quàn bù jǔ. Bù cóng rényán, guǒ huò shì kǔ. Jiǎn bié lángbà, xīn cuī xuè xià. [Pinyin]
- Father said to son when they parted: I regret begetting you;
When you were already born, people advised me to not bring you up;
I did not follow their words, and inevitably had this suffering coming.
Son is parted from father, with a heart shattered and eyes crying with blood.
郎罢别囝，吾悔生汝。及汝既生，人劝不举。不从人言，果获是苦。囝别郎罢，心摧血下。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- From: ca. 8th century, Gu Kuang, 《囝》 (Son) [written in the ancient Min dialect].
- child
- baby, infant
- Diminutive suffix attached to nouns, equivalent to Mandarin 子 (zǐ).
- Diminutive suffix attached to classifiers.
Synonyms
[edit]| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 子 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 子 |
| Taiwan | 子 | |
| Singapore | 子 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 仔1 |
| Hong Kong | 仔1 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 仔1 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 仔1 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 仔6 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 仔6 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 仔6 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 仔6 | |
| Senai (Huiyang) | 仔1 | |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 囝 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 仔2 |
| Quanzhou | 仔2 | |
| Jinjiang | 仔2 | |
| Zhangzhou | 仔2 | |
| Zhangpu | 仔2 | |
| Tainan | 仔2 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 囝 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 囝, 仔2 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 仔2 | |
| Shantou | 囝 | |
| Shantou (Chenghai) | 囝 | |
| Jieyang | 囝 | |
| Haifeng | 仔2 | |
| Bangkok (Teochew) | 囝 | |
| Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 囝 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 囝 | |
| Wenchang | 囝 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 囝 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 頭, 子 |
Compounds
[edit]- 丈夫囝
- 丫頭囝 / 丫头囝
- 乖囝
- 乞食囝
- 伲囝
- 儂囝 / 侬囝
- 兄弟囝
- 凳囝
- 刀囝
- 卒囝
- 厝囝
- 命囝
- 和尚囝
- 囝仔 (gín-á)
- 囝命
- 囝囝
- 囝妮
- 囝婿
- 囝孫 / 囝孙
- 囝旦
- 囝生
- 囝腳 / 囝脚
- 大囝
- 女囝
- 妹囝
- 妹妹囝
- 婊囝
- 婊子囝
- 媳婦囝 / 媳妇囝
- 嬌囝 / 娇囝
- 孥囝
- 客囝
- 尾囝
- 巷囝
- 床囝
- 店囝
- 弟囝
- 後生囝 / 后生囝
- 戅囝
- 戇囝 / 戆囝
- 手囝
- 搖囝仔歌 / 摇囝仔歌
- 敗囝 / 败囝
- 新婦囝 / 新妇囝
- 曲蹄囝
- 月裡囝 / 月里囝
- 枕頭囝 / 枕头囝
- 查埔囝
- 查某囝
- 桌囝
- 椅囝
- 樹囝 / 树囝
- 煞尾仔囝 (soah-bóe-á-kiáⁿ)
- 爐囝 / 炉囝
- 牛囝
- 犬囝
- 男囝
- 番囝
- 番錢囝 / 番钱囝
- 病囝
- 痞囝
- 瞎囝
- 碗囝
- 碟囝
- 空囝
- 竹囝
- 羊囝
- 耳囝
- 舅囝
- 舌囝
- 船囝
- 芽囝
- 苦囝
- 茶囝
- 菜囝
- 薰囝
- 褲囝 / 裤囝
- 討債囝 / 讨债囝
- 諸娘囝 / 诸娘囝
- 豆囝
- 豆腐囝
- 豬囝 / 猪囝
- 貓囝 / 猫囝
- 賊囝 / 贼囝
- 路囝
- 車囝 / 车囝
- 郎罷囝 / 郎罢囝
- 野囝
- 錢囝 / 钱囝
- 鑿囝 / 凿囝
- 阿囝
- 雞囝 / 鸡囝
- 雨囝
- 青囝
- 鞋囝
- 韃囝 / 鞑囝
- 風囝 / 风囝
- 馬囝 / 马囝
- 骹肚囝
- 鬼囝
- 鴨囝 / 鸭囝
- 鵝囝 / 鹅囝
Etymology 2
[edit]| For pronunciation and definitions of 囝 – see 囡 (“child; daughter; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 囡). |
Etymology 3
[edit]Coined by Chinese empress regnant Wu Zetian. One of the Chinese characters of Empress Wu.
| For pronunciation and definitions of 囝 – see 月 (“moon; moon-shaped; round like a moon; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 月). |
References
[edit]- “囝”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “囝”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN.
- 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “囝（儿子）”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 215.
- 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “969 儿子”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 387.
- zi.tools
- Douglas, Carstairs (1873), “kiáⁿ”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, With the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects. (overall work in Hokkien and English), London: Trübner & Co., page 214; New Edition, With Corrections by the Author., Thomas Barclay, Lîm Iàn-sîn 林燕臣, London: Publishing Office of the Presbyterian Church of England, 1899, page 214
- Douglas, Carstairs (1873), “káⁿ (Cn.)”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, With the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects. (overall work in Hokkien and English), London: Trübner & Co., page 189; New Edition, With Corrections by the Author., Thomas Barclay, Lîm Iàn-sîn 林燕臣, London: Publishing Office of the Presbyterian Church of England, 1899, page 189
- Douglas, Carstairs (1873), “náⁿ”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, With the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects. (overall work in Hokkien and English), London: Trübner & Co., page 334; New Edition, With Corrections by the Author., Thomas Barclay, Lîm Iàn-sîn 林燕臣, London: Publishing Office of the Presbyterian Church of England, 1899, page 334
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]囝
- baby; infant
Readings
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]囝 • (geon) (hangeul 건, revised geon, McCune–Reischauer kŏn)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]囝: Hán Nôm readings: cưởng, kiển, niên
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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References
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