折衝

See also: 折冲

Chinese

		tenth (in price); to break; to fold tenth (in price); to break; to fold; to turn; broken (as of rope, stick)	of great force; towards; dash against
trad. (折衝)		折	衝
simp. (折冲)		折	冲

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhéchōng

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄜˊ ㄔㄨㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zit³ cung¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhéchōng
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄜˊ ㄔㄨㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhéchong
    • Wade–Giles: chê²-chʻung¹
    • Yale: jé-chūng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jerchong
    • Palladius: чжэчун (čžɛčun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: zit³ cung¹
    • Yale: jit chūng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzit⁸ tsung¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: jid³ cung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siːt̚³ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: tsyet tsyhowng

Rime
Character	折	衝
Reading #	2/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	昌 (24)
Final (韻)	薛 (81)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	旨熱切	尺容切
Baxter	tsyet	tsyhowng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiᴇt̚/	/t͡ɕʰɨoŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiɛt̚/	/t͡ɕʰioŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕjæt̚/	/t͡ɕʰioŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ciat̚/	/cʰuawŋ/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiɛt̚/	/t͡ɕʰioŋ/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭɛt̚/	/t͡ɕʰĭwoŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯ɛt̚/	/t͡ɕʰi̯woŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhe	chōng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zit3	cung1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tet  tʰoŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ʔljed  tʰjoŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	折	衝
Reading #	3/3	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhé	chōng
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyet ›	‹ tsyhowng ›
Old Chinese	/*tet/	/*tʰoŋ/
English	bend; break (v.t.)	rush against
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	折	衝
Reading #	2/3	1/1
No.	16947	17478
Phonetic component	折	重
Rime group	月	東
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	晢	𧘂
Old Chinese	/*ʔljed/	/*tʰjoŋ/
Notes		說文中從童通作此

Verb

折衝

1. (literary) to repulse an enemy

   • 夫脩之於廟堂之上，而折衝乎千里之外者，其司城子罕之謂乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     夫脩之于庙堂之上，而折冲乎千里之外者，其司城子罕之谓乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE

     Fú xiū zhī yú miàotáng zhī shàng, ér zhéchōng hū qiānlǐ zhī wài zhě, qí sīchéng Zǐhǎn zhī wèi hū? [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 未及夫折衝於未形之前者，揖讓乎廟堂之上而施惠乎百萬之民，故居則無變動，戰則不血刃，其湯武之兵與！ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     未及夫折冲于未形之前者，揖让乎庙堂之上而施惠乎百万之民，故居则无变动，战则不血刃，其汤武之兵与！ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Shuoyuan, circa 1^st century BCE

     Wèijí fú zhéchōng yú wèi xíng zhī qián zhě, yīràng hū miàotáng zhī shàng ér shīhuì hū bǎiwàn zhī mín, gù jū zé wú biàndòng, zhàn zé bù xuèrèn, qí Tāngwǔ zhī bīng yǔ! [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 聖朝無一介之輔，股肱無折衝之勢 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
     圣朝无一介之辅，股肱无折冲之势 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]

     From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14^th century CE

     shèngcháo wú yījiè zhī fǔ, gǔgōng wú zhéchōng zhī shì [Pinyin]

     The sacred dynasty has no supporter, and the aides have no power to repulse the enemy

2. to negotiate (in diplomacy)

   • 烏克蘭危機似乎顯示以美國為主導的國際政治體系正在消退，取而代之的是多邊共治的權力平衡與折衝。 [MSC, trad.]
     乌克兰危机似乎显示以美国为主导的国际政治体系正在消退，取而代之的是多边共治的权力平衡与折冲。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 2014, 鄒道勻, 從「內部認同」看烏克蘭危機, in 戰略安全研析 [Journal of Strategic and Security Analyses], number 108, page 25

     Wūkèlán wēijī sìhū xiǎnshì yǐ Měiguó wéi zhǔdǎo de guójì zhèngzhì tǐxì zhèngzài xiāotuì, qǔ'érdàizhī de shì duōbiān gòngzhì de quánlì pínghéng yǔ zhéchōng. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms

• 厭難折衝 / 厌难折冲
• 折衝厭難 / 折冲厌难
• 折衝樽俎 / 折冲樽俎 (zhéchōngzūnzǔ)
• 折衝禦侮 / 折冲御侮

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (折衝):

• → Japanese: 折(せっ)衝(しょう) (sesshō)
• → Korean: 절충(折衝) (jeolchung)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
折	衝
せつ > せっ Grade: 4	しょう Grade: S
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [se̞ɕːo̞ː]
• (Tokyo) せっしょー [sèsshóó] (Heiban – [0])

Noun

折(せっ)衝(しょう) • (sesshō) 

1. negotiation

Verb

折(せっ)衝(しょう)する • (sesshō suru) suru (stem 折(せっ)衝(しょう)し (sesshō shi), past 折(せっ)衝(しょう)した (sesshō shita))

1. to negotiate

Conjugation

Conjugation of "折衝する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	折衝し	せっしょうし	sesshō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	折衝し	せっしょうし	sesshō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	折衝する	せっしょうする	sesshō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	折衝する	せっしょうする	sesshō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	折衝すれ	せっしょうすれ	sesshō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	折衝せよ¹ 折衝しろ²	せっしょうせよ¹ せっしょうしろ²	sesshō seyo¹ sesshō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	折衝される	せっしょうされる	sesshō sareru
Causative	折衝させる 折衝さす	せっしょうさせる せっしょうさす	sesshō saseru sesshō sasu
Potential	折衝できる	せっしょうできる	sesshō dekiru
Volitional	折衝しよう	せっしょうしよう	sesshō shiyō
Negative	折衝しない	せっしょうしない	sesshō shinai
Negative continuative	折衝せず	せっしょうせず	sesshō sezu
Formal	折衝します	せっしょうします	sesshō shimasu
Perfective	折衝した	せっしょうした	sesshō shita
Conjunctive	折衝して	せっしょうして	sesshō shite
Hypothetical conditional	折衝すれば	せっしょうすれば	sesshō sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

• “折衝”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026