機

See also: 机

機 U+6A5F, 機 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A5F ← 橞 [U+6A5E] CJK Unified Ideographs 橠 → [U+6A60]

Translingual

Japanese	機∣机
Simplified	机
Traditional	機∣机

Han character

機 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 木女戈戈 (DVII), four-corner 4295₃, composition ⿰木幾)

Derived characters

• 𣡯

Related characters

• 机 (Simplified Chinese)

Descendants

• き (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
• キ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 554, character 8
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15561
• Dae Jaweon: page 942, character 20
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1298, character 4
• Unihan data for U+6A5F

Usage notes

Note that in Japanese, both 机 and 機 are used with separate meanings (机: desk and 機: machine; airplane; chance) while in simplified Chinese, 机 is the simplified form of 機.

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Chinese

trad.		機
simp.		机*

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 機
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (幾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
機	*kɯl
譏	*kɯl
嘰	*kɯl
磯	*kɯl
鞿	*kɯl
饑	*kɯl
禨	*kɯl, *kɯls
幾	*kɯl, *kɯlʔ, *ɡɯl, *ɡɯls
鐖	*kɯl
僟	*kɯl
璣	*kɯl
蟣	*kɯlʔ, *ɡɯl
穖	*kɯlʔ
畿	*ɡɯl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯl) : semantic 木 + phonetic 幾 (OC *kɯl, *kɯlʔ, *ɡɯl, *ɡɯls).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jī (ji¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gei¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kî

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gi¹

• Eastern Min (BUC): gĭ
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ki / kui

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gi¹

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ¹ci

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jī
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ji
    • Wade–Giles: chi¹
    • Yale: jī
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ji
    • Palladius: цзи (czi)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gei¹
    • Yale: gēi
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gei¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: géi¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei̯⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kî
    • Hakka Romanization System: gi´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gi¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ki²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gi¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ki⁴⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki / kui
    • Tâi-lô: ki / kui
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ky, kuy
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ki⁴⁴/, /kui⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ki³³/, /kui³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ki⁴⁴/, /kui⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ki⁴⁴/, /kui⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴/, /kui⁴⁴/

Note:

• ki - literary;
• kui - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: gi¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ki
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki³³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ¹ci
    • MiniDict: ci^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ji
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi⁵³/

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• Middle Chinese: kj+j

Rime
Character	機
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居依切
Baxter	kj+j
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨi/
Pan Wuyun	/kɨi/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨj/
Li Rong	/kiəi/
Wang Li	/kĭəi/
Bernard Karlgren	/ke̯i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jī
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gei1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kəj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kɯl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	機
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jī
Middle Chinese	‹ kjɨj ›
Old Chinese	/*kəj/
English	mechanism
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	機
Reading #	1/1
No.	5788
Phonetic component	幾
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	機
Old Chinese	/*kɯl/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 機

1. weaving machine; spinning machine
2. machine; apparatus; device
3. (mostly in compounds) Short for 飛機 (“aircraft”).
4. mechanism; process
5. cause; reason
6. secret; confidential (affair)
7. opportunity; chance; crucial point
8. plan; idea
9. flexible; quick-witted

Descendants

• → Thai: กี่ (gìi)
• → Northern Thai: ᨠᩦ᩵
• → Khün: ᨠᩦ᩵
• → Lao: ກີ່ (kī)
• → Lü: ᦂᦲᧈ (k̇ii¹)
• → Shan: ၵီႇ (kìi)

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

機

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: け (ke)
• Kan-on: き (ki, Jōyō)
• Kun: はた (hata, 機, Jōyō); こぶち (kobuchi); おり (ori, 機); わかつり (wakatsuri)

Compounds

Compounds

• 危(き)機(き) (kiki): crisis
• 機(き)窓(そう) (kisō): aeroplane window
• 航(こう)空(くう)機(き) (kōkūki): aircraft
• 光(こう)沢(たく)機(き) (kōtakuki): calender
• 三(さん)葉(よう)機(き) (san'yōki): triplane
• 単(たん)葉(よう)機(き) (tan'yōki): monoplane
• 飛(ひ)行(こう)機(き) (hikōki): airplane, aircraft
• 複(ふく)葉(よう)機(き) (fukuyōki): biplane
• 計(けい)算(さん)機(き) (keisanki): calculator
• 掃(そう)除(じ)機(き) (sōjiki): vacuum cleaner

Usage notes

Often used interchangeably in compounds with 器 (ki) to indicate “machine”, with the distinction that 機 implies a larger machine, such as an airplane, while 器 implies a smaller device, possibly hand-held. Compare 飛行機 (hikōki, “airplane”) with 食器 (shokki, “tableware”).

Alternative forms

⿰木キ, ryakuji for 機.

機 has many ryakuji (handwritten abbreviations), as it is a common character with many strokes (16):

• 40px (40px) A phono-semantic simplification from on'yomi of “ki” (katakana キ): 木 + キ (semantic plus simplified phonetic) – compare for 議 and for 魔/摩.
• 40px (40px) Graphical simplification.
• 40px (40px) Graphical simplification.
• 40px (40px) Graphical simplification.

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
機
き Grade: 4
on’yomi

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle Chinese 機／机 (kjɨj, “mechanism”). Compare modern (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Min Nan reading ki.

Noun

機(き) • (ki) 

1. a machine, a device; a contraption
2. a loom
3. an opportunity, a chance to do something; the right time or moment
4. something of great importance: the linchpin of the matter
5. resourcefulness
6. (Buddhism) the moment of being moved into action by the teachings of the Buddha: see 機根 (kikon)
7. by extension, the workings of the heart or mind in general
8. in Noh theater, the breath of the mind
9. short for 飛行機 (hikōki): an airplane, an aircraft
10. short for 機関銃 (kikanjū): a machine gun

Idioms

Idioms

• 機(き)が熟(じゅく)する (ki ga jukusuru): the time is ripe; a golden opportunity
• 機(き)に乗(じょう)じる (ki ni jōjiru), 機(き)に投(とう)じる (ki ni tōjiru): to sieze the moment, to jump at the chance
• 機(き)に臨(のぞ)み変(へん)に応(おう)ずる (ki ni nozomi hen ni ōzuru), 機(き)に応(おう)ずる (ki ni ōzuru): to move with the times
• 機(き)に因(よ)って法(ほう)を説(と)く (ki ni yotte hō o toku): to change the message to suit one's audience: to alter the format or presentation for better acceptance, without changing the core ideas being conveyed
• 機(き)を逸(いっ)する (ki o issuru), 機(き)を失(しっ)する (ki o shissuru): to miss the boat, to miss out

Counter

機(き) • (-ki) 

1. indicates aircraft
2. indicates paper aeroplanes

Suffix

機(き) • (-ki) 

1. indicates machines
2. indicates airplanes

   戦(せん)闘(とう)機(き)

   sentōki

   a fighter aircraft

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
機
こぶち Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Alteration from こうべうち (kōbeuchi), itself a compound of 首 (kōbe, “head”) + 打ち (uchi, “striking, hitting”).

Alternative forms

• 首打

Noun

機(こぶち) • (kobuchi) 

1. a trap or snare that works by beheading the bird or beast caught in it

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
機
はた Grade: 4
kun’yomi

From onomatopoeic はた (hata), possibly for the sound of the shuttle running back and forth, or for the sound of a woven cloth moving in the wind, compare 旗 (hata, “a flag”).

Noun

機(はた) • (hata) 

1. a loom
2. woven cloth

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
機
わかつり Grade: 4
kun’yomi

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 機る (wakatsuru, “to manipulate something”), itself an alteration of 誘る (okotsuru, “to manipulate or con someone”), a compound of 痴 (oko, “a fool”) + 釣る (tsuru, “to fish, to draw out”).

Noun

機(わかつり) • (wakatsuri) 

1. to manipulate (as in a device)
2. to manipulate (as in a person): to deceive, to take in someone
3. to get on someone's right side; to humor someone; to make an effort to please someone

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Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 機 (MC kj+j). Recorded as Middle Korean 긔 (kuy) (Yale: kuy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

機 (eumhun 틀 기 (teul gi))

1. Hanja form^? of 기 (“machine”).
2. Hanja form^? of 기 (“opportunity; chance”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 기경 (機警, gigyeong)
• 기계 (機械, gigye)
• 기관 (機關, gigwan)
• 기교 (機巧, gigyo)
• 기구 (機構, gigu)
• 기근 (機根, gigeun)
• 기기 (機器, gigi)
• 기능 (機能, gineung)
• 기동 (機動, gidong)
• 기략 (機略, giryak)
• 기무 (機務, gimu)
• 기민 (機敏, gimin)
• 기밀 (機密, gimil)
• 기변 (機變, gibyeon)
• 기봉 (機鋒, gibong)
• 기선 (機先, giseon)
• 기심 (機心, gisim)
• 기업 (機業, gieop)
• 기연 (機緣, giyeon)
• 기운 (機運, giun)
• 기의 (機宜, giui)
• 기지 (機智, giji)
• 기축 (機軸, gichuk)
• 기회 (機會, gihoe)
• 계기 (契機, gyegi)
• 동기 (動機, donggi)
• 승기 (乘機, seunggi)
• 시기 (時機, sigi)
• 실기 (失機, silgi)
• 심기 (心機, simgi)
• 위기 (危機, wigi)
• 유기 (有機, yugi)
• 직기 (織機, jikgi)
• 천기 (天機, cheon'gi)
• 춘기 (春機, chun'gi)
• 타기 (舵機, tagi)
• 투기 (投機, tugi)
• 호기 (好機, hogi)
• 화기 (禍機, hwagi)
• 화기 (花機, hwagi)
• 기관차 (機關車, gigwancha)
• 기관총 (機關銃, gigwanchong)
• 대기실 (待機室, daegisil)
• 무기물 (無機物, mugimul)
• 신기축 (新機軸, sin'gichuk)
• 일기축 (一機軸, ilgichuk)
• 거중기 (擧重機, geojunggi)
• 건조기 (乾燥機, geonjogi)
• 경운기 (耕耘機, gyeong'un'gi)
• 계산기 (計算機, gyesan'gi)
• 굴착기 (掘鑿機, gulchakgi)
• 기중기 (起重機, gijunggi)
• 단엽기 (單葉機, danyeopgi)
• 발동기 (發動機, baldonggi)
• 복사기 (複寫機, boksagi)
• 복엽기 (複葉機, bogyeopgi)
• 비행기 (飛行機, bihaenggi)
• 사진기 (寫眞機, sajin'gi)
• 사출기 (射出機, sachulgi)
• 삼엽기 (三葉機, samyeopgi)
• 선풍기 (扇風機, seonpunggi)
• 세탁기 (洗濯機, setakgi)
• 수화기 (受話機, suhwagi)
• 승강기 (昇降機, seungganggi)
• 압착기 (壓搾機, apchakgi)
• 여객기 (旅客機, yeogaekgi)
• 원동기 (原動機, wondonggi)
• 윤전기 (輪轉機, yunjeon'gi)
• 인쇄기 (印刷機, inswaegi)
• 자판기 (自販機, japan'gi)
• 전화기 (電話機, jeonhwagi)
• 제설기 (除雪機, jeseolgi)
• 착암기 (鑿岩機, chagamgi)
• 청소기 (淸掃機, cheongsogi)
• 청음기 (聽音機, cheong'eumgi)
• 축음기 (蓄音機, chugeumgi)
• 타자기 (打字機, tajagi)
• 탐지기 (探知機, tamjigi)
• 폭격기 (爆擊機, pokgyeokgi)
• 항공기 (航空機, hanggonggi)
• 식기세척기 (食器洗滌機, sikgisecheokgi)
• 원심분리기 (遠心分離機, wonsimbulligi)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 機 (cơ, ki)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.