雅

Translingual

Han character

雅 (Kangxi radical 172, 隹+4 in Chinese, 隹+5 in Japanese, 12 strokes in Chinese, 13 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 一竹人土 (MHOG), four-corner 7021₄, composition ⿰牙隹)

Derived characters

• 𠾒, 𡡳, 𪷐, 蕥

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1365, character 14
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41973
• Dae Jaweon: page 1869, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4094, character 2
• Unihan data for U+96C5

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Chinese

trad.		雅
simp. #		雅

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (牙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
邪	*ljaː, *laː
衺	*ljaː
牙	*ŋraː
芽	*ŋraː
齖	*ŋraː, *ŋraːs
呀	*ŋraː, *hŋraː
枒	*ŋraː, *ŋraːs
雅	*ŋraːʔ
厊	*ŋraːʔ
庌	*ŋraːʔ
訝	*ŋraːs
迓	*ŋraːs
砑	*ŋraːs
犽	*ŋraːs
疨	*hŋraː
岈	*hŋraː
谺	*hŋraː
颬	*hŋraː
鴉	*qraː
釾	*laː

Etymology 1

For pronunciation and definitions of 雅 – see 鴉 (“crow; raven”). (This character is a variant form of 鴉).

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yǎ (ya³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄚˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaa⁵
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngá
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ngée / ngá

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ngia²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yǎ
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yǎ
    • Wade–Giles: ya³
    • Yale: yǎ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yea
    • Palladius: я (ja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jä²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ngaa⁵
    • Yale: ngáh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngaa⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: nga⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaː¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngá
    • Hakka Romanization System: nga`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: nga³
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋa³¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngée
    • Tâi-lô: ngée
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ŋɛ̃⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngá
    • Tâi-lô: ngá
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ngar
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋã⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋã⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /ŋã⁵³/

Note:

• ngée - vernacular;
• ngá - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: ngia²
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiá
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋia⁵²/

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• Middle Chinese: ngaeX

Rime
Character	雅
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	五下切
Baxter	ngaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠaX/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋᵚaX/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋaX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋaɨX/
Li Rong	/ŋaX/
Wang Li	/ŋaX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋaX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǎ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngaa5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-ɢˤraʔ/, /*[N-ɢ]ˤraʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	雅	雅
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yǎ	yǎ
Middle Chinese	‹ ngæX ›	‹ ngæX ›
Old Chinese	/*N-ɢˁraʔ/	/*[N-ɢ]ˁraʔ/
English	proper, refined	kind of musical instrument
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	雅
Reading #	1/1
No.	14182
Phonetic component	牙
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	雅
Old Chinese	/*ŋraːʔ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 雅

1. (literary) standard; proper; correct
2. elegant; graceful; refined
3. (polite) your; your esteemed; your gracious
4. (literary) friendship; companionship
5. (literary) usually; often
6. (literary) very much; extremely
7. a section in the Classic of Poetry consisting of dynastic hymns
8. ^† standard language (usually used in titles of ancient Chinese dictionaries such as the Erya)
9. (Teochew) pretty
10. a surname

Synonyms

• (pretty):

(deprecated template usage)

• 俊 (jùn)
• 俊俏 (jùnqiào) (attractive and smart)
• 俊秀 (jùnxiù)
• 俊美 (jùnměi) (of a young male)
• 俏麗／俏丽 (qiàolì) (usually of a female)
• 奇麗／奇丽 (qílì) (singularly beautiful)
• 好看 (hǎokàn)
• 妖嬌／妖娇 (“iau-kiau”) (Hokkien)
• 妍美 (yánměi) (literary)
• 姣美 (jiāoměi) (formal, of a face or posture)
• 嬌豔／娇艳 (jiāoyàn) (delicate and charming)
• 嬌逸／娇逸 (jiāoyì) (literary, of a young male)
• 悅目／悦目 (yuèmù)
• 是樣／是样 (shìyàng) (colloquial)
• 標緻／标致 (biāozhì) (usually of a woman)
• 清秀 (qīngxiù)
• 漂亮
• 秀媚 (xiùmèi)
• 秀美 (xiùměi)
• 秀麗／秀丽 (xiùlì)
• 綺麗／绮丽 (qǐlì)
• 繁華／繁华 (fánhuá) (literary)
• 美觀／美观 (měiguān)
• 美麗／美丽 (měilì)
• 耐看 (nàikàn)
• 花花 (huāhuā) (literary)
• 豔麗／艳丽 (yànlì)
• 邊式／边式 (biānshi) (regional, of dress, physique, etc.)
• 體面／体面 (tǐmiàn)
• 鮮亮／鲜亮 (xiānliàng) (dialectal)
• 鮮麗／鲜丽 (xiānlì)

 

Dialectal synonyms of 漂亮 (“good-looking; beautiful; pretty”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		漂亮, 好看, 美, 美麗, 美觀, 佳
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	好看, 漂亮, 俊
	Taiwan	好看, 漂亮
	Chifeng	好看, 漂亮, 標緻
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	好看, 漂亮
	Harbin	好看, 漂亮, 俊, 美
	Shenyang	美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻
	Singapore	美, 好看, 漂亮, 美麗
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	好看, 漂亮
	Tangshan	好看
	Cangzhou	好看, 漂亮, 俊
	Baoding	好看, 漂亮
	Shijiazhuang	好看
	Jinan	好看, 漂亮, 俊, 俊巴, 美
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	俊
	Qingdao	漂亮, 俊
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	好看, 漂亮, 美, 標緻
	Wanrong	好看
	Zhengzhou	漂亮, 標緻, 好看, 齊整
	Xi'an	美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 嫽, 排場, 心疼
	Xining	好看, 標緻, 俊, 秀溜
	Xuzhou	好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 俊, 冠冕, 辦事
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 俊
	Lanzhou	好看, 漂亮, 美, 俊
	Ürümqi	美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 翠活
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	好看, 漂亮, 乖, 抻抖, 抻展
	Chongqing	美, 好看, 漂亮, 乖, 抻抖
	Wuhan	好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 體面, 寧馨, 標, 媌, 刮氣, 美
	Guiyang	抻透, 抻展, 好看, 漂亮, 秀氣
	Kunming	好看, 漂亮, 標緻
	Guilin	漂亮
	Liuzhou	美, 好看, 漂亮, 靚2, 㜺
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 不醜
	Yangzhou	美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 不醜
	Nantong	好看, 漂亮
	Hefei	美, 漂亮, 好看, 格式, 排場
Cantonese	Guangzhou	靚2, 好睇, 好樣
	Hong Kong	靚2, 好睇
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	靚2
	Macau	靚2
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	靚2
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	靚2
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	靚2
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	靚2
	Foshan	靚2
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	靚2
	Foshan (Shunde)	靚2
	Foshan (Sanshui)	靚2
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	靚2
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	靚2
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	靚2
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	靚2
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	靚2
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	靚2
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	靚2
	Taishan	靚2
	Kaiping (Chikan)	靚2
	Enping (Niujiang)	靚2
	Heshan (Yayao)	靚2
	Dongguan	靚2, 好樣
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	靚2
	Yangjiang	好看, 好樣, 靚2, 整齊
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	靚2
	Penang (Guangfu)	靚2
	Singapore (Guangfu)	靚2
Gan	Nanchang	客氣, 好看, 漂亮, 齊整
	Lichuan	好看
	Pingxiang	好看, 客氣, 漂亮, 標緻, 標
Hakka	Meixian	好看, 靚2, 靚3, 僐, 勁, 趣, 端, 標緻, 儒雅
	Xingning	靚2
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	靚2
	Huiyang	靚2
	Huidong (Daling)	靚2
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	靚2
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	靚2
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	靚2
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	靚2
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	俏, 靚2
	Wuhua (Changbu)	靚2
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	靚3
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	靚2
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	靚3
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	排場
	Liannan	靚2
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	靚2
	Jiexi	靚2
	Changting	靚3
	Wuping	靚3
	Wuping (Pingyu)	靚3
	Liancheng	靚3
	Ninghua	靚3
	Yudu	標緻, 齊整
	Ruijin	靚3
	Shicheng	像, 標緻, 好看
	Shangyou (Shexi)	靚2, 整, 標緻
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	靚3
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	鬧, 靚3
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	靚3
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	靚3
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	靚3
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	靚3
	Hong Kong	靚2
	Luchuan	靚2
	Senai (Huiyang)	靚2
	Kuching (Hepo)	靚3
Huizhou	Jixi	好看, 標緻, 漂亮
	Shexian	好看, 漂亮
Jin	Taiyuan	好看, 襲人, 客戲, 漂亮
	Xinzhou	好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 爽整, 襲人, 緻氣
	Linhe	美, 襲人, 好看, 漂亮
	Jining	好看, 襲人
	Hohhot	好看, 襲人, 俊, 漂亮
	Zhangjiakou	美, 好看, 漂亮, 俊
	Handan	美, 好看, 漂亮, 俊俏, 俊
Northern Min	Jian'ou	好覷, 雅式, 生得好
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	俊, 生得好, 卓佳, 好看, 漂亮
	Singapore (Fuqing)	俊
Southern Min	Xiamen	媠, 好看
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	媠, 俏
	Quanzhou	媠, 媠靡, 㜅, 好看
	Jinjiang	媠, 㜅
	Shishi	媠
	Anxi	媠
	Zhangzhou	媠, 好看
	Zhao'an	媠
	Dongshan	媠
	Taipei	媠
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	媠
	Kaohsiung	媠
	Tainan	媠
	Kinmen	媠
	Penghu (Magong)	媠
	Penang (Hokkien)	媠
	Singapore (Hokkien)	媠, 俏
	Manila (Hokkien)	媠, 好看, 㜅
	Longyan	媠
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	靚2
	Chaozhou	雅, 好睇
	Shantou	雅, 媠, 好睇
	Shantou (Chenghai)	雅, 媠
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	雅
	Jieyang	雅, 媠, 如雅
	Puning	雅, 生好, 好睇
	Lufeng	媠, 生好
	Haifeng	媠, 生好
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	雅
	Singapore (Teochew)	雅
	Leizhou	清楚
	Wenchang	靚4, 好望
	Haikou	靚4, 靚2, 靚仔, 雅目, 都緻
	Qionghai	靚4
	Singapore (Hainanese)	靚4
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	靚2, 好覷
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	㜺, 靚2
Wu	Shanghai	漂亮, 好看, 好看相, 標緻
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	畢㜺
	Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong)	出客
	Shanghai (Nanhui, Pudong)	出客
	Shanghai (Fengxian)	靈
	Shanghai (Jinshan)	靈
	Shanghai (Chongming)	標緻, 樣式, 登樣
	Suzhou	好看, 標緻, 登樣, 漂亮
	Danyang	好看, 漂亮, 標緻
	Hangzhou	好看, 漂亮
	Ningbo	好看, 漂亮, 㜅, 㜅門, 㜅頭, 出格, 架勢, 細巧, 細相, 登樣
	Wenzhou	好覷, 生好, 骨切
	Jinhua	好望, 俏, 漂亮
Xiang	Changsha	好看, 漂亮, 腆靦, 乖
	Loudi	漂亮
	Shuangfeng	好看, 漂亮

References

• Duffus, William (1883) “beautiful”, in English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Swatow, Swatow: English Presbyterian Mission Press, page 19

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Japanese

Kanji

雅

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. gracious
2. elegant
3. graceful
4. refined

Readings

• Go-on: が (ga, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: が (ga, Jōyō)
• Kun: みや·び (miya·bi)
• Nanori: う (u); お (o); か (ka); ただし (tadashi); のり (nori); まさ (masa); まさし (masashi); よし (yoshi)

Compounds

• 雅歌(がか) (gaka, “elegant song”), 雅歌(がか) (Gaka, “Song of Songs”)

Kanji in this term
雅
が Grade: S
on'yomi

Etymology

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle Chinese 雅 (ngæ^X, “elegant”).

Adjective

雅(が) • (ga) -na (adnominal 雅(が)な (ga na), adverbial 雅(が)に (ga ni))

1. elegant

Inflection

Inflection of 雅

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	雅だろ	がだろ	ga daro
Continuative (連用形)	雅で	がで	ga de
Terminal (終止形)	雅だ	がだ	ga da
Attributive (連体形)	雅な	がな	ga na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	雅なら	がなら	ga nara
Imperative (命令形)	雅であれ	がであれ	ga de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	雅ではない 雅じゃない	がではない がじゃない	ga de wa nai ga ja nai
Informal past	雅だった	がだった	ga datta
Informal negative past	雅ではなかった 雅じゃなかった	がではなかった がじゃなかった	ga de wa nakatta ga ja nakatta
Formal	雅です	がです	ga desu
Formal negative	雅ではありません 雅じゃありません	がではありません がじゃありません	ga de wa arimasen ga ja arimasen
Formal past	雅でした	がでした	ga deshita
Formal negative past	雅ではありませんでした 雅じゃありませんでした	がではありませんでした がじゃありませんでした	ga de wa arimasen deshita ga ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	雅で	がで	ga de
Conditional	雅なら（ば）	がなら（ば）	ga nara (ba)
Provisional	雅だったら	がだったら	ga dattara
Volitional	雅だろう	がだろう	ga darō
Adverbial	雅に	がに	ga ni
Degree	雅さ	がさ	gasa

Noun

雅(が) • (ga) 

1. elegance

Antonyms

• 俗(ぞく) (zoku)

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Korean

Hanja

雅 • (a) (hangeul 아, revised a, McCune–Reischauer a, Yale a)

1. elegant, neat, tidy

Compounds

• 아가 (雅歌, aga, “elegant song”), 아가 (雅歌, Aga, “Song of Songs”)

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 雅 (nhã)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.