가
Korean
Etymology 1
가각갂갃간갅갆 갇갈갉갊갋갌갍 갎갏감갑값갓갔 강갖갗갘같갚갛 | |
→ 개 |
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Pronunciation
Audio: (file)
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [가]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | ga |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | ga |
McCune–Reischauer? | ka |
Yale Romanization? | ka |
Symbol
(deprecated template usage) 가 • (ga)
- (deprecated template usage) A Hangul syllabic block made up of ㄱ and ㅏ. The first syllable of the hangul writing system. Often used to mark the first item of a list or sub-list.
Etymology 2
First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞᆺ (Yale: kos).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [가(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | ga |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | ga |
McCune–Reischauer? | ka |
Yale Romanization? | kā |
Noun
가 • (ga)
- The outer part close to the boundary.
- A part close to a center.
- brim
- 참기름을 따를 때 가에 흘리지 않도록 조심해라.
- chamgireumeul ttareul ttae ga-e heulliji antorok josimhaera.
- Be careful not to spill on the brim when pouring sesame oil.
- (often as a suffix) bound, edge, end, margin, rim, side, verge, brink
- 강가 ― gangga ― riverside
- 냇가 ― naetga ― streamside
- 우물가 ― umulga ― well side
Synonyms
Antonyms
- (bound, edge, end): 속 (sok, “inside, interior”), 안 (an, “inside, interior”), 알맹이 (almaeng'i, “core”), 복판 (bokpan, “center”), 중심 (jungsim, “center”), 중앙 (jung'ang, “center”)
Derived terms
Related terms
- 가죽 (gajuk, “hide, skin, leather”)
- 거죽 (geojuk, “outside, exterior, surface”)
- 겉 (geot, “outside, exterior, surface”)
Etymology 3
Unknown. It was not attested in texts from the 15th century, and its first attestation has been variously placed at 1572 CE[1] or mid-17th century[2]. It was initially a subject particle, of limited distribution and used in a complementary manner to —이 (-i). The development of its usage is as follows:[3]
- Since the mid-17th century: used after nouns ending in -i or -y,
- e.g. pwuli-ka ("mouth"), nay-ka ("scent"), poy-ka ("boat");
- Since the mid-18th century: used after nouns ending in vowels/semivowels other than -i,
- e.g. ca-ka ("one who"), soyngswo-ka, nwongso-ka ("farm work");
- During the end of the 18th century: used briefly in the form of double particle -i/yka after nouns ending in vowels/semivowels other than -i,
- e.g. to-yka ("road"), inkwu-yka ("population"), nwongso-yka ("farm work").
Various theories exist regarding its origin:
- Developed from the interrogative particle —가 (-ga);[4]
- Developed from the vocative case particle —하 (-ha)/—아 (-a);[5]
- Developed from the connective ending —다가 (-daga);[6]
- Developed from the verb 가— (ga-, “to go”);[7]
- Borrowed from the Japanese nominative particle が (ga).[8]
Pronunciation
Audio: (file)
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [가]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | ga |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | ga |
McCune–Reischauer? | ka |
Yale Romanization? | ka |
Particle
가 • (ga)
- Indicates the subject of a sentence.(Compare with Japanese が)
- 그렇지만, 내가 펜을 갖고 있을텐데…
- geureochiman, naega peneul gatgo isseultende…
- I know I have a pen, though…
- Original English texts from 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)
- Indicates the subjective complement of a sentence, usually used with 되다 (doeda, “become”) or 아니다 (anida, “be not”).
Usage notes
- 가 (ga) indicates the subject of the verb in the sentence, as opposed to the object, which *를 (reul) indicates. See also 는 (neun), which indicates the topic of the sentence.
- 가 (ga) is used only after words ending with a vowel. After words ending with a consonant, 이 (i) is used instead.
Synonyms
- 이 (i)
See also
Etymology 4
Korean reading of various Chinese characters.
Pronunciation
Audio: (file)
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [가]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | ga |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | ga |
McCune–Reischauer? | ka |
Yale Romanization? | ka |
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [가(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | ga |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | ga |
McCune–Reischauer? | ka |
Yale Romanization? | kā |
Noun
가 • (ga)
Suffix
—가 • (-ga)
- (街): street
- 종로3가
- Jongno 3(sam)-ga
- "The 3rd Jongno Street"
- 종로3가
Syllable
가 • (ga)
- 仮: lie
- 伽: temple
- 佳: beautiful
- 假: lie
- 傢: furniture
- 價: price
- 加: to add
- 可: right;able
- 呵: to scold
- 咖: coffee
- 哥: a surname
- 哿: right, good
- 嘉: beautiful, joyous;happy
- 坷: uneven;unlevel
- 嫁: get married(Used only for women)
- 宊: house
- 家: house
- 苛: severe;harsh
- 茄: lotus root, aubergine
- 葭: reed
- 斝: drinking-cup
- 暇: spare time
- 架: rack
- 枷: knife;flail
- 柯: branch
- 榎: catalpa
- 檟: catalpa
- 歌: music;song
- 珂: agate
- 珈: hair ornament
- 迦: one of the spelling of Buddha's name
- 痂: scab
- 稼: to plant
- 笳: a reed pipe
- 耞: flail
- 舸: boat;ship
- 街: street
- 袈: the robes of fully ordained Buddhist monks and nuns
- 訶: to scold
- 謌: music;song
- 賈: price, value
- 跏: to do a lotus position
- 軻: handcart, a surname
- 駕: yoke
Derived terms
Etymology 5
Infinitive of 가다 (gada, “to go”).
Pronunciation
Audio: (file)
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [가]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | ga |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | ga |
McCune–Reischauer? | ka |
Yale Romanization? | ka |
Verb
- connective form of 가다 (gada, “to go”): because of going, upon going.
- informal form of 가다 (gada, “to go”): go (indicative/interrogative/imperative), let's go
Synonyms
Etymology 6
Noun
가 • (ga)
- la (musical note)
References
- ^ 洪允杓, 主格語尾 「-가」에 대하여, 國語學 제3집, 1975.12, 65-91.
- ^ 고광모, 주격조사 ‘-가’의 발달, 사단법인 한국언어학회 2013년 겨울학술대회 발표논문집, 2013.12, 69-78.
- ^ 홍윤표, 近代國語硏究(Ⅰ), 태학사, 1994, pp. 412-413.
- ^ 이숭녕, 주격(主格) '가'의 발달(發達)과 그 해석(解釋), 국어국문학 제19권, 1958.6, 53-57.
- ^ 辛兌鉉, 鷄林類事·華夷譯語의 朝鮮 古語 續考, 한글, 1941.3, 9-2(통권84), pp. 1-2.
- ^ Ramstedt, G.J., Studies in Korean Etymology, 1949, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
- ^ 李承旭, 副動詞의 虛辭化, 진단학보, (51), 1981, 183-202.
- ^ 鄭光, 主格 ‘가’의 發達에 대하여: 近代國語資料의 解釋을 中心으로, 우리문화, 2.
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